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C wD0xb+Oa`>'D b b  w! owgCooCCC ewfDeeBBBBmmDDD@66 _fg^^gg^ jjS"e" I"V -CA0/BC/& ` egIvXė۬ 7& p egIvXė۬ | egIvXė۬ 7Q p egIvXė۬ | egIvXė۬  ,Kv;;p% '3;$ ;$3 '3;$ ;$&*K*K*p& *&* & *&* & *&*)2CB32CB3qhhoqjjo2CB32CB3qhhoqjjo<$2CB32CB3qhhoqjjoz"mAWW h!*&!Cyx`l>T_[:XXzB!\~G1aTٴ̕P" &!&&t-&.&.-&&y&9 z`u ztj}}ii|t^ovqxyqmwޠ婐:AJY]7Ic!)zmm W ̿4QYYQbLLbŴSnttnnttnxָ,7w~trq}vvmqu[w¡ԾPoP&q.-& &.-&xQv/skxvrͮ7Js_[LWbԭ&K9L&w|||!| +A'+<b1-k-$۸V:3ZDB})jyy}9Q_iMIpɨy|3dbscytae;W+w]w*_B*+T=xmw**|Wa:2;(V,b 9T6.eE m_K!z]ܶ}^Yi\N]Y:_Vcx"N+"''vjasd/t@]ED= ߭vYjN'b]Y7^% wC۸T2YY0>>0)Wo_XXo_Wyi;v}' Gm$zX0ecwd峇%"8ajlsqW5u m1dwiJuz$ykEK t٫eY|RM^U[lƯ“זyѓq5vw  vvPw 4Y 4Y= W} 8v@ y$$8qloGw-boxrϟ~uUlhFBYLI#3T:M]B>ndx#Ttf}  $ m$~0ecwd峇%"/_aefeCB#3T~T3#Vl` lGw-wϟ-G ѓq5W}&3vC Q ( =L!^JK1гF?m=?6İt3BAK1YF?m= V{sh:M#ZR;ɽg|uhV]pu|KÉR\p|fNjw[ju8S0MRYNƯE3b~x ?#FM",+a^tdfG\]GG]\GB &* BB *&B> endobj 143 0 obj << /Length 17269 /Subtype /Type1C >> stream  StoneSerif8  ]U yCVy Copyright (c) 1987 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved.Stone is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.Stone SerifStoneSerif`)sL!H]~"\P7v O , _ ; ;|U6&i/ mAU\%Wk" 1M $ f !!h!"A"##$$%i%%&e&&'q'(())*%*J*y*+"++,-7-]---. .5.U..//V///0i01J12r23r344u555667578T88999:+:;;<<=Q=>>>>>>>>>>?? ???%?.?7?A?K?U?_?i?s?{????????????????@@ @@@%@.@6@?@G@O@X@`@i@r@z@@@@@w EH8X =b{bb{yb=[$ immiimmic7ЋwRRT*" ]]Sr`t>` ]]Sr`tv&(&+hPmhhPmh Qw&Qkvvlvv`w&&Fߥ|ҶgDԀJ[[mƮESb]Rf\[|g(09J:nMDDq x*#/5"͇TK_g`B`߄X(XDWWPO\M&w=bTىڍTbaS|O=/&"Cٽɻahof e,[݇ 9΋w:%P9 %n|O]|]E6#uswO+y5I?24 24S~,*uswPb,~S244y%2?Iy5++wkPP : q>k7&[ͻ7r[vppwoIoppoopIJJ&o{O\|^D6#YY9ڿ immiimmiPswL(*'*=RGG=R*'*srBw\)iB=f|ptc@q>eޥHϳٲڱ.I*VA=[cn[҇ty?~t̉ ҉-$pɊ7 ]=zn_>|٧[:(LP F?w;PQ);]2,I>eho"Լߨq_?a}|X ;++"مȏǓ́F'E.VgD/vbܨ}qONs.L )9yD^9.`&VbNw$S|_jLq}`{ui%G]S8q `3j{nzpqJ_x qҫq]Hvs0e(GjR?ku` (`T18yKq倇.V.1aq' 6!ڢ7-8"?F\bqҫqDwHq ]b%1dv΢hPiqMprL7ӟTA5Rq倇.V.1RīƫqOs0*ӜTA5Sq倇.V.1q1aΡgPjqMprL,o6sJߠB臆q.N=]_;I2?$e434;oZ]*`.M)aps.1q1V臆q倇.AA臆q倇.V.1q1xs臆q倇.V.1q1xFt臆q倇.]DtE_tytixv]ĥe拚|ڤx.1q1wkXh+(U#bbMqɃ_^`arrxlZ臆q倇.qpHr ]b%2df臆q倇.V.1v<HT8.1q1Rʦ6Qqd\Yvz{gi}\qu\i)osFq͆}g{zv/)I/L)IJqĪkgkvz{gj}[qIiN7T9Y3P"q2@g.Omd<3lV)/S,>*WLNqws0WQ@w-$ 9:q倇.V.1q1?n"|qknj^H  `-Pna?0oS&2Vo d)ZSQ1A~ګqfvs0ecI48lK倇.V.1q1M] hSY))ة &&>"{bA0cR`'D1dg*(VJBQUD>Bq$w  i!T'Eտ۱SE0TIp-p-ͬ.1q1^ g臆q倇.Iikq}g{zv4C/)e $v6IPql >UAa`alqϥlLrM-N.K-W,Q@d jsv6Pqb)+\]Nœpq܊mxM_"a"^ Ze] BwJOQqw[hB"9f~qt^.PYhrqZqZdoȶ)i0rF`}eqTVYыQ1;bqƫnNi rqrJ...1qݥDPj0ьu6hDq0da;(2 U  s4lCY}ץvswQsssUsq^V~XCql4 A)*JLL>**Y9΋w%:`Ps fT,%kmWǹtGz<SlMiW]lx:HqrX _iy]x|VɢQ4a ]Sm,BQͪٿmlyve;w?ęU$J5M:fa}{D1"o0I/KLlX`_{KPqzp/DM~rksT$[%Ʊ{{PhjVf( %2A=h2<;w4ZM_V]ٷɴz`J:Hq_{KOqzp g^k0E"9γmuy9{:]B>L# @$D]oHUq]| jqpklpqkq~EGw[ZU(6Cqʃ_^`_C9HHj_{KOqzp16q6)u!w0Zs_{KOqzp16q606\D>K166<>@K16q6en;NeYbtv3;HeYk]oHTq]16q6܋6\3LL16q6fs4CeY`]oHTq]16q6Z4 %A:&? 4R. /FD8h9TęW.1y&%`djPyA0S(LLlXc]oHTq]16qLghD4j}svgKq6 Y0N0D"9ΰYM_V]ضɴ|`TvGH#(n{z}~rsWU]oHUq]16qUg0(Ӓϴ>Zr!L俚y-BXTĩ[i]ck9=\7I{P`tJai_QQWьqcp,5prxwyyx";]vsqpI۲}wTݬHq]oHTq]1(_Y.3\oHUq]o8nlzwvnG I2uőqZn? 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All Rights Reserved.Stone is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.Stone Serif ItalicStoneSerifStoneSerif-Italic[*d;p 6NntXJ'j  R 3 i ^  Y.%uD3T@'DyQ M  r2h-\9 ! !O!!""e"##s$"$?$%^&%&&'#''(()7)O)*h*+ +2+b+,,,-.*.Q.|...//C//00f000112[233445;56M6774789'9::m;";p;;^>q>??@-@7@A@K@U@_@i@r@z@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAA&A0A9AAAIAQAYAaAiApAwA~AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBB$ <w\EH4W ?b`a|{}oao@pc {e_mn_tns7Ћw33T" ]]Srx`ti` ]]Srx`tv%(%+iPAiiP?i ~QY%~QL?(a`zSEP$zq ,! >ݒ>ҳARBX\)iġ2=f|pt>eMAɸةѳB6<QY_^QUZ4IhQhyZHǿGH=9lBNn޶ QX#$8]Sb_qTˈliL~B5P h D$^9znY{>|ٸڰڶٹ1F?P(%/:"0ng}quEڑg#P)5v%3C8iWb$<pƛͅ'Kc`Y9!6_@<[̬T M  C[ObGrQ=9- (!NBTt;ZܡFaCFF[v G &A2;ֻX4P73UW$|د6L V ui{h]jp^P ui{h]jp^ L&y|E]{^E#$7 ui{h]jp^v=Z=Z~U~IIvL~~L=Z6IZᘬн UhD}v\KvŕOi1dcUS5/y_{3uf {e_mn_tnp. 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All rights reserved.Stone is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.Stone Serif SemiboldStoneSerifStoneSerif-Semibold^&*_4^s:u6k] + K { c +  HZEKsY7S}uGZ[CT)#  U ! !o!"C"|""#8##$Y%%1%&8'''((())*G*\*+,,,,-<-..^/://00'0p00011M1122-2B23w34^55V66_67578w889i: :;,;Z;<~<<=$=>>??@M@@AAAAAAAAAABB BBB$B-B7BABKBUB_BiBqB{BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCC CCC%C-C6C>CFCOCWC`CiCqCyCCCC*w+*(HDc ,`l[~l`,$ gcchhcbid7ЋwIIT1" WWSr`td` WWSr`tj/2]Ho]]In]=y=ljjojj"czv wӨq%g)= e@ljrƭ Yf]Uk`Z|&7I/Rcklsir@ET~n(yƊ1rh!@h_So NSbdjY݄11D5PF6P\l[ZFFZ\ll[ZFFZ\l\$TS2$4"TS1"3Ie.VA O _kVe@)Qᷖʯ Siwd iEhb64jĩlEn[Oeٳ&HQtfpD00;cGXɯf58:\^Y`f`GXHڻ(*J:H(TGF[gsW؆ov6}o։(0pȊ% KE{n[8zߪ`;'KV ?1wTP7Z`2,NEjlw"ζߤw_ 7a}wX7(%"݃ȏǓ́F=\KdnE3ve騨vuU[m^)P@V(.p&VTPw$Ns _lTl`mwf O9J7pg@_ugznlW]} ŋӬ!H 2` (_R?Dy(-6 1 lyx|pdp|xyi^lx/ߴd+QgVF&/U:O4cD<F?(UH5/>oZ].`.=rԠY!,wDbwlyx|pdp|xyi^xIR 7">}lɰl!AwIp2axT9fwΠ^T}pRpdL8ѣVD5lyx|pdp|xyh_?l!Nܱ1yx|pdp|xyi^lϪ^idΠ^T}pRpdL,*ѤVD5I/dOчyx|qK&jk+#62KC"@/>oZ].`.=q룡Lnټ!!p|xyh_lϪ_hdlyx|pEElyx|pdp|xyh_lЪ^ht!lyx|pdp|xyi^lϪ^ivI!lyx|pDzj_muqgvrU}ÜϟW㋪̭!' p|xyi^lϪ^iuM]e)7)GOalm^^BEkltalyx|pl !pIo2bxT:fklyx|pdp|xyi^!PPWulfWEruxjq}UlxVpp|xyi^lϪ^iỴIiKlو}jxur7/T3}lDzi]Nruxjp}Ul>p$)H=i .\ /5/\K){D!$oX]%1,'> s)1-<TYZJ,E(3T[ 0^IBQVJ6Rzp,w#k%THտڰGL !+VLp-p-ʰp|xyi^lϪ^iI !lyx|pEu\~l}jxur3FFev1'PlW9 $^]^sl˨tBpS"T$R"V)V4_v`v18"Omj)'C?F³{l܆uzKc#c$cM=I2wϢʍ70,Vls`l 0&+ely^;5sBWlpZlZdrλT!`E`elTY^㋪!!_h9kmƯqMirlvK0,p|xyh_lfަhP0ʑe*`Dp0gc9((Us4OJyz̬bvswZsssUAU4j̝Vz^|LJj X')*K6L**Y.݋wP`_w bR-imTϼoQf9>.ϰٰѣaյQ#ոʵć}Ǵʰť9#*ѱ+7TѲǏmpX6!Ķ<=d;$g76w!57MWe[*^ 繮z^JfT{{_{K&ldpg^e' '9 !3ͺorp)o8V wIPH 69k<˗v|reoO%u. û\Mat~yv!]s(zu]pzmdxp~OrF\:F>Xp|xyihlͪOhbDGK|CPJe=2LѺ!NXRDlh` R!;[d&<|^m$]zv|I % ^;Lmb xuVDǏ<1_}AL>rˎы56wcs_{K&ldp~p|xyhhlmiؔEFSp|xyiolhhml9CeY`,w%&$Un4GlYp|xyhhlhi$( blm`bkkb,w%&d[\qdruurL$DVn4GlY blm_ckkbDBw s_{K&ldp~p|xyhhlhi0_F[ (.opec`\EA= Hw0s_{K&ldp~p|xyhhlhi0,uBؐK@Sp|xyhploi>ِK@Sp|xyiolhhml:Ie]dfpB:Ee]gUn4GlYp|xyhhloiы,ucؔEFSp|xyiolhhml9CeY`Un4GlYp|xyhhlniZ!!6 -5a=5( *}8;2KWTR6\$c6y!yE d%fhpJ{0':5CHiX`Vn4GlYp|xyihlªZhd<!5q|xyhZlªhiC.<5'8 !3ˬJYeX*_z]Q,wUn4GlYp|xyhhl^i 󜯧uDk|||ss|lt$aQRTvS䱚z~9=_T¨[aX]b)=\:PoNTtWeraSRẐprs,;elyhxmx@Xn-utq=nҍwUY{{(Un4GlY1`gI@0Un4HlYm(=rnwvi\w1|l_nA GjlKrvihioV ϣilƇ+h?u@D{oJ* #mlsd6 &^fmu`lRV*^kblbnj$V»Clv_fF7yvc\'#vlp^H(c6ydhyfzZwqll»~Kp 2ڦPpYye?Q-7sw"ۂCОU̜֝TuUE}iMxxiBDkLwvsws=swJ@w]LDԕ͞M}UTza@U>`xCwZ;K Bx`z ozuj\thfediHg_Ofg||{|ɬ°*+*(` |,vaxl~xva|,`-$ chhbchib8]y͐@"4>=dmx:Ŧ$uɱDZɏT{ikȰ–Աzٗ@¦cǿ<_z2m[{E$ Γ\cy}fmY8+u~5+^~<\JD}2h{kuvPwR{ 5PF6PUҸ~!xalĥtJs11w~lvJZ ^D8^8!p|xyg^lΪ_i88!6y"ci'll{ZbXDuN-X.2|+Lqxrazqb1eb+sc@aviŸgrufiappMR_mmd)3X03YRY`KaYu`]izX}}{wO|ƴKCu{|xyhêێia|xysi̋!_s'̵ı|xysi݂ibܒ|sdb=:>|wyhêێi\\?S\Nܙ޿Cˆq~fɲā|g97{|za_ld{w=<RDCT58:NPvŰxwIބqq~fwy|cqlgŽDˆq~fwy|cqlg97{ex|za_ffld{ywg}=<TDDTSETfld{ywg}=<e_qaz|xe{G*+ bihccgib=7ߵl WQɵ-FP03i}rvdhl=>hcC= =*)==*)>UPU -kyGZ|[A*+UPPU -kyGZ|[A*i -kyGZ|[A*=*݋wPPT* -kyGZ|[A*i -kyGZ|[A*ff!ffT 2'}{v ruq; vr, 2'}{v ruq; v* bihccgib  bihccgib  bihccgibu111D5PF6P\l[ZFFZ\ll[ZFFZ\l\$TS2$4"TS1"32"TS1"3l[ZFFZ\l*&+!JiPSVXER6L ΗȎs`_}}upo\p⓶P. gbdhhcbivTGcwpqtxzorx{-4vT'xtqptuw%'44'$;C$;+L`4K momdiwstumJcXI|~~~}˾ʑ+\GͲDz^T=LD|d/ Udnmdcnmb,< npoompqln npoompql͹:Zqooqrooq-¸^UU\\VU^Qkس}-(tiqq}oz}lͩbdcbTU-wwpssvu&'-vxossvu%'%Gwvp|ts}Uhprmjgnð;_$;$;]\||\|?lRհfl !Auxk4Ip2axT9fwΠ^T|pSpdL8ѣUE5lȆjmY}`rjynlW]up|xyh_dŷ].hmk{ohZ.nLvbyQXk¬{y{k-Uppgp}ʟZ~_޷l !pIo2bxT:fs#J/lyx|pH`?p|xyi^\ /5/Ca?9RB7l98_'7O61fWr\K){jN1+_TGNKLOcvw= g<qfɰr-!B.i}rrml {B 5jvr}i!ѤVD5vC#92jT!4BIpc2awT9fwΣ^T}pRodL8dŷ/Z"B-X*J2LkU ᬵ̙1V4laeLE_`Gh8>W m ¼\Mat~xL._\Q^tѣZ.yŌu|sdoP&}/̧I6SpffpYFV]xX}p~[ťQ9#[*hMl+H7TѲ,w0Un4GlYp|xyhhlhi0vws_{K&ldpn%Gepp|xyhhlhis?WZ!wgNN`QMa=5HP`NMfkxBsh,0kho`7?qSh}$fYhp8! 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Aggar)-12.1(wal and Edwar)7.6(d A. Fogar)-9.9(ty)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 126.1811 488.7041 Tm [(1)-1197.4(Introduction)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.0986 Tw 9 0 0 9 126.1811 468.2041 Tm (The collapse of multilateral trade talks under the auspices of the World\ )Tj -0.0097 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(Trade Organization \(WTO\) in Seattle in November 1999 challenged inter-\ )Tj 0.0052 Tc -0.00529 Tw T*(national policymakers\325 attempts to strengthen the institutional basis\ of the)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.00211 Tw T*(global economy. Yet these policymakers\325 failure in Seattle did not at\ tenuate)Tj 0.00121 Tc -0.0013 Tw T*(the expansion of global market forces, nor the strong incentives for gov\ ern-)Tj 0.0015 Tc -0.0016 Tw T*(ments to seek to institutionalize their transnational commercial relatio\ ns at)Tj 0.01109 Tc -0.0112 Tw T*(the broadest possible level. Although the November 2001 Doha trade talks\ )Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.058 Tw T*(succeeded in launching a new round of multilateral discussions, there is\ )Tj 0.0757 Tw T*(little question that the trading system looks increasingly fragile and t\ he)Tj -0.0155 Tw T*(deadlines for a new round unrealistic \320 particularly after the failur\ e of the)Tj 0.0437 Tw T*(talks at cancun in September 2003. Moreover, leading governments, and)Tj 0.0101 Tc -0.01019 Tw T*(especially the United States, have consistently proven receptive to call\ s for)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(protection from hard-pressed domestic sectors.)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0092 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (With global institutions facing an uncertain future, could various types\ )Tj 0.0249 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (of \322interregionalism\323 \320 the pursuit of formalized intergovernme\ ntal rela-)Tj 0.133 Tw T*(tions with respect to commercial relationships across distinct regions \320\ )Tj 0.0033 Tc -0.0034 Tw T*(emerge as a next-best strategy for states and \336rms to pursue trade li\ beraliza-)Tj 0.007 Tc -0.0071 Tw T*(tion? And will \322pure interregionalism\323 \320 the formation of ties \ between two)Tj 0.00349 Tc -0.0036 Tw T*(distinct free trade areas or customs unions \320 become the predominant \ form)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.16949 Tw T*(of trade organization in the global economy as the world increasingly)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(divides up into regional groupings?)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.02859 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (The recent interregional overtures of the European Union \(EU\) \320 eas\ ily)Tj 0.0022 Tc -0.0023 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (the world\325s most coherent and institutionalized regional bloc \320 su\ ggest that)Tj 0.0045 Tc -0.00459 Tw T*(Europeans may indeed see this as a viable alternative.)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 352.1642 206.8542 Tm (1)Tj 0.0045 Tc -0.00459 Tw 9 0 0 9 358.1311 203.7041 Tm (The EU has initiated)Tj 0.01511 Tc -0.0152 Tw -25.7722 -1.2778 Td (formal interregional talks with East Asian countries, developed an inter\ re-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0484 Tw T*(gional accord with MERCOSUR, and is pursuing similar discussions with)Tj 0.2399 Tw T*(countries and groups in North America, the Southern Mediterranean,)Tj 0.0027 Tc -0.00279 Tw T*(Eastern Europe, and the developing world. 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Moreover, we consider\ how)Tj 0.02161 Tw T*(different forms of interregionalism square with existing regional and gl\ obal)Tj -0.0112 Tw T*(arrangements, and whether different institutional layers can be suitably\ rec-)Tj -0.0051 Tc -0.0117 Tw T*(onciled. Our intent is to provide both analytical and policy-relevant wo\ rk on)Tj -0.00529 Tc -0.01151 Tw T*(the relatively new trend toward the formation of interregional agreement\ s to)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.1207 Tw T*(examine if interregionalism represents more than a mere sideshow in the)Tj -0.011 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(evolving face of international economic relations.)Tj 0.0014 Tc -0.0015 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Section 2 begins with a conceptualization of interregionalism, in terms \ of)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0136 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (both its differences from other types of trading arrangements and its ow\ n)Tj -0.0168 Tw T*(varieties. Section 3 then turns to some hypotheses that might account fo\ r)Tj 0.0936 Tw T*(variation both among types of trade arrangements and among different)Tj 0.00391 Tc -0.004 Tw T*(types of interregional arrangements. In Section 4 we examine the notion \ of)Tj 0.007 Tc -0.0071 Tw T*(counterpart coherence, that is, the extent to which the regions that the\ EU)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.05099 Tw T*(is engaged with have developed an institutional identity. Section 5 then\ )Tj 0.043 Tw T*(previews the empirical analysis of the chapters that follow. An appendix\ )Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(describes the complex trade policymaking processes in the EU.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.00591 Tw 10 0 0 10 127.181 336.7362 Tm [(2)-1197.3(Conceptualizing interregionalism)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 0.0004 Tc -0.0005 Tw 9 0 0 9 127.181 316.2362 Tm (First, what is interregionalism and how does it compare with other forms\ of)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.01131 Tw T*(trading arrangements? 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Other relevant characteristics include th\ e)Tj 0.00481 Tc -0.0049 Tw T*(timing of arrangements, their relative openness, their degree of institu\ tion-)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(alization, and the scope of products covered therein. )Tj 0.0125 Tc -0.0126 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Table 1.1 provides illustrative examples of trade arrangements along the\ )Tj 0.00841 Tc -0.0085 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (dimensions of actor scope, geographical dispersion, and product scope.)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 430.0509 146.8863 Tm (3)Tj 0.00841 Tc 9 0 0 9 436.0407 143.7362 Tm (In)Tj 0 Tc 8 0 0 8 127.181 663.1211 Tm (2)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 1.4463 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 215 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R8 gs /F-1 1 Tf -0.00031 Tc -0.00191 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 2)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l 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309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 165 0 obj 6835 endobj 166 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 167 0 obj << /Length 168 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R15 gs /F2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Tr 8 0 0 8 439.5893 663.1211 Tm (3)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0.75 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 161.141 138.002 m 161.141 643.782 l S BT /R15 gs /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 0 8 -8 0 152.7708 138.0001 Tm (Table 1.1)Tj /F2 1 Tf 5.3704 0 Td (Classifying trade arrangements)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 6.3296 -2.75 Td [(Unilateral)-9281.4(Bilateral)-14271(Minilateral)-8554.3(Multilateral)]TJ -0.011 Tc -11.7 -2 Td [(Actor)-18518.4(Geographically)-4093.4(Geographically)-2843.4(Geographically)-1301.7(Geographically)]TJ ET 0.5 w /R14 gs 207.021 138.002 m 207.021 643.782 l S BT /R15 gs 5.04649 Tw 0 8 -8 0 200.7708 138.0001 Tm [(Scope)-18460.4(concentrated)-5078.7(dispersed concentrated)-2287.1(dispersed)]TJ 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw 5.9167 -2 Td (Few )Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.00571 Tw 7.1667 0 Td [(Removal )-3300.9(Germany\320Finland)-1877.2(UK\320Argentina)-2504.8(ECSC \(1951\))-1682.8(Lancashire Pact )-1502.1(ITA \(1997\))]TJ /F3 1 Tf -0.01109 Tc 0 Tw -7.1667 -1.25 Td (products)Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.00571 Tw 7.1667 0 Td [(of Corn )-3877.5(treaty \(1932\))-4552.1(\(1930s\))-13378.2(\(1958\) in textiles)-1421(BTA \(1998\))]TJ 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw -7.1667 -1.25 Td [(\(sectoralism\))-1174.2(Laws )]TJ -0.00571 Tw 51 0 Td (FSA \(1999\))Tj 0 Tw -56.9167 -2.25 Td (Product)Tj -0.00571 Tw 13.0833 1 Td [(\(1848\))-4632.9(US\320Canada Auto)-2449.5(VERs \(EC-Japan\))]TJ 0 Tw -13.0833 -2.25 Td (Scope)Tj -0.00571 Tw 20.75 1 Td (Pact \(1965\))Tj 0 Tw 0 9 -9 0 266.7708 242.6667 Tm (\(1\))Tj 0 8 -8 0 266.7708 304 Tm [(\(2\))-9080.4(\(3\))-7830.4(\(4\))-6288.8(\(5\))]TJ 0 9 -9 0 266.7708 593.3334 Tm (\(6\))Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 288.7708 185.3334 Tm (Many )Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.00571 Tw 7.1667 0 Td [(UK )-5921.6(US\320Canada)-5015.6(US\320Singapore)-2685.7(EEC \(1958\))-2354.6(A)(PEC \(1989\))-3165(GATT/WTO)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw -7.1667 -1.25 Td (products)Tj /F2 1 Tf 2.8515 Tw 7.1667 0 Td [(unilateral bilateral )-3395.9(\(2003\))-6091.2(EFTA )2857.2(\(1960\))]TJ /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 34.75 0 Td (\(transregionalism)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.00571 Tc 7.6285 0 Td [(\))-1097.1(\(1947/1994\))]TJ -0.011 Tc 1.42059 Tw -42.3785 -1.25 Td [(liberalization agreement )1426.4(\(1988\))-11505.2(EEA )1426.3(\(1994\))]TJ 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 0 -1.25 Td [(\(1850s\))-23720.1(NAFTA \(1994\))]TJ -0.011 Tc 34.75 0 Td (EMIFCA \(1995\))Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.25 Td (\()Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc 0.3575 0 Td (pure )Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.0058 Tw -35.1075 -1.25 Td (US Smoot-)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 34.75 0 Td (interregionalism\))Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.00571 Tw -34.75 -1.25 Td (Hawley Act )Tj -0.011 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.25 Td (\(1930\))Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 34.75 0 Td (Lom\216 \(1975\))Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 0 -1.25 Td (\(hybrid )Tj 0 -1.25 Td (interregionalism\))Tj ET 0.75 w /R14 gs 396.141 138.002 m 396.141 643.782 l S BT /R15 gs /F2 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 388.7708 242.6667 Tm [(\(7\))-6372(\(8\))-9080.3(\(9\))-7830.3(\(10\))-5709(\(11\))-7209(\(12\))]TJ /F3 1 Tf 0 7 -7 0 409.7708 138.0001 Tm (Note)Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.00571 Tw 2.0381 0 Td [(: Dates refer to effective date of agreements. European agreements where\ by \322Europe\323 is considered as \322one country\323 are listed i)-0.7(n parentheses.)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw -2.038 -1.2857 Td (Source)Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.00571 Tw 2.7646 0 Td (: Based on Aggarwal \(2001\) and Aggarwal and Dupont \(2002\).)Tj ET 0.5 w /R14 gs 178.578 302.998 m 178.578 438.668 l 178.573 459.334 m 178.573 579.004 l S 207.12 238.38 m 396.06 238.38 l 207.46 297.05 m 396.06 297.05 l 207.46 380.06 m 395.84 380.06 l 207.74 453.17 m 396.12 453.17 l 207.12 516.06 m 395.79 516.06 l 207.12 587.84 m 396.12 587.84 l S 273.932 238.647 m 273.932 643.787 l S 1 g 91 727 215 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R15 gs /F-1 1 Tf -0.00031 Tc -0.00191 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 3)Tj ET 1 G /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 168 0 obj 5778 endobj 169 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 170 0 obj << /Length 171 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R19 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc -0.0009 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 127.181 638.3862 Tm (brief, the top row \(cells 1\3206\) refers to different forms of )Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 26.9094 0 Td (sectoralism)Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.0009 Tw 5.0151 0 Td (. Cell 1)Tj 0.01401 Tc -0.0141 Tw -31.9245 -1.2778 Td (includes such measures as the British Corn Laws, which were a forerunner\ )Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.11501 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(to the unilateral and then bilateral removal of tariffs in the late 1800\ s. )Tj 0.03979 Tw T*(Cell 2 contains geographically concentrated agreements in speci\336c pro\ d-)Tj 0.0022 Tc -0.0023 Tw T*(ucts, such as the 1932 German-Finnish treaty that gave Finland preferent\ ial)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0103 Tw T*(treatment in butter imports \(and which went against the prevailing most\ )Tj 0.04691 Tw T*(favored nation norm\).)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 224.6704 572.5363 Tm (4)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.04691 Tw 9 0 0 9 231.288 569.3862 Tm (Cell 3 refers to bilateral agreements that are geo-)Tj 0.0517 Tw -11.5674 -1.2778 Td (graphically dispersed, such as a treaty between the United Kingdom and)Tj 0.08791 Tw T*(Argentina in the 1930s calling for the purchase of speci\336c products.)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 428.9785 549.5363 Tm (5)Tj 0.01711 Tc 9 0 0 9 435.9646 546.3862 Tm (In)Tj 0.01151 Tc -0.0116 Tw -34.3093 -1.2778 Td (cells 4 and 5, we have product-speci\336c sectoral agreements. An exampl\ e of)Tj 0.00459 Tc -0.0047 Tw T*(a geographically concentrated agreement that focuses on few products \(c\ ell)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0011 Tw T*(4\) is the 1951 European Coal and Steel Community \(ECSC\), which, while\ )Tj 0.06149 Tw T*(an agreement to liberalize trade, violated Article 24 of the GATT.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 413.8077 503.5363 Tm (6 )Tj 0.0616 Tw 9 0 0 9 419.4052 500.3862 Tm (Cell 5)Tj 0.01601 Tc -0.0161 Tw -32.4694 -1.2778 Td (provides an example of dispersed sectoral minilateralism, as in the case\ of)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.19859 Tw T*(the Lancashire Agreement that \322managed\323 trade in cotton textile an\ d)Tj 0.4828 Tw T*(apparel products in the 1950s between the United Kingdom and)Tj 0.0087 Tc -0.0088 Tw T*(Commonwealth members India, Pakistan, and Hong Kong. Cell 6 provides)Tj 0.0161 Tc -0.0162 Tw T*(an example of multilateral sector-speci\336c accords such as the Informa\ tion)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0386 Tw T*(Technology Agreement \(ITA\), negotiated in 1996, and the Basic Telecom)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(Agreement \(BTA\) and Financial Services Agreement \(FSA\) a year later.\ )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 420.1259 423.0363 Tm (7)Tj -0.00011 Tw 9 0 0 9 136.181 408.3862 Tm (The second row focuses on multiproduct efforts. Cell 7 refers to unilate\ ral)Tj 0.01511 Tc -0.0152 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (liberalization or restriction, and includes such actions as the British \ phase)Tj 0.0061 Tc -0.0062 Tw T*(of liberalization in the 1850s or the protectionist 1930 Smoot-Hawley ta\ riff)Tj 0.0067 Tc -0.00681 Tw T*(in the United States. In cell 8 are geographically concentrated accords \ such)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.00349 Tw T*(as bilateral agreements between the United States and Canada. Cell 9 fea\ -)Tj 0.00031 Tc -0.0004 Tw T*(tures cases of geographically dispersed bilateral agreements, for instan\ ce the)Tj 0.0018 Tc -0.00191 Tw T*(free trade agreements between the United States and Israel. Cell 10 incl\ udes)Tj 0.0146 Tc -0.01469 Tw T*(geographically-concentrated minilateral agreements such as the European)Tj 0.01041 Tc -0.0105 Tw T*(Economic Community \(EEC\), European Free Trade Association \(EFTA\), th\ e)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.2948 Tw T*(European Economic Area \(EEA\), and the North American Free Trade)Tj 0.5894 Tw T*(Agreement \(NAFTA\).)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 221.9931 296.5363 Tm (8)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.58949 Tw 9 0 0 9 233.4937 293.3862 Tm (These geographically-concentrated minilateral)Tj -0.0067 Tw -11.8125 -1.2778 Td (accords have traditionally been referred to as \322regionalism.\323 As s\ hould be)Tj 0.1373 Tw T*(clear from the table, however, cells 2, 4, and 8 also represent forms of\ )Tj 0.01489 Tc -0.015 Tw T*(\322regionalism,\323 although theoretically they may have quite differen\ t polit-)Tj 0.01669 Tc -0.0168 Tw T*(ical-economic implications. Cell 12 refers to global trading arrangement\ s,)Tj 0.01379 Tc -0.0139 Tw T*(namely multilateral, multiproduct arrangements such as the GATT and its)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(successor organization, the WTO.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.00591 Tw 2.2222 TL T*(Characterizing interregionalism )Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.1852 Tw 1.6111 TL T*(Cell 11 encompasses varieties of interregional arrangements. Examples )Tj 0.1273 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(of interregionalism involving the EU include the Lom\216 Agreement, the \ )Tj 0.4162 Tw T*(EU-MERCOSUR Interregional Framework for Cooperation Agreement)Tj 0.00031 Tc -0.0004 Tw T*(\(EMIFCA\), and Asia-Europe Meetings \(ASEM\), all of which span regions\ , but)Tj 0.01131 Tc -0.0114 Tw T*(which do not necessarily link the EU with a coherent counterpart regiona\ l)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 127.181 663.1211 Tm (4)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 1.4463 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 215 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R19 gs /F-1 1 Tf -0.00031 Tc -0.00191 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 4)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 171 0 obj 7344 endobj 172 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 173 0 obj << /Length 174 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R5 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.01131 Tc -0.0114 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 126.1811 638.3862 Tm (grouping. The United States has also pursued cross-regional arrangements\ ,)Tj 0.005 Tc -0.0051 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(in the Asia-Paci\336c Economic Cooperation \(APEC\) forum and the Free T\ rade)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(Area of the Americas \(FTAA\). )Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0184 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (We de\336ne an agreement as \322pure interregional\323 if it formally li\ nks two)Tj 0.01019 Tc -0.0103 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (free trade areas or customs unions, as in the case of EU-MERCOSUR. If on\ e)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0051 Tw T*(customs union negotiates with a group of countries from another region,)Tj 0.0247 Tw T*(but the second group is not a customs union or free trade agreement, we)Tj 0.2206 Tw T*(refer to this as \322hybrid interregionalism\323 \(e.g., the Lom\216 Agr\ eement\).)Tj 0.00639 Tc -0.0065 Tw T*(Finally, if an accord links countries across two regions where neither o\ f the)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0462 Tw T*(two negotiates as a grouping, then we refer to this as \322transregional\ ism\323)Tj 0.0087 Tc -0.0088 Tw T*(\(e.g., APEC\). Transregionalism as a concept can encompass a broader se\ t of)Tj 0.0074 Tc -0.00751 Tw T*(actor relationships than simply those among states. Any connection acros\ s)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0204 Tw T*(regions \320 including transnational networks of corporate production or\ of)Tj 0.0881 Tw T*(nongovernmental organizations \320 that involves cooperation among any)Tj -0.0081 Tw T*(type of actors across two or more regions can in theory also be referred\ to)Tj 0.04179 Tw T*(as a type of transregionalism. In this chapter and book, however, we use\ )Tj 0.00079 Tc -0.0009 Tw T*(both the terms transregionalism and interregionalism to refer speci\336c\ ally to)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(interstate commercial arrangements. )Tj -0.0047 Tc -0.0121 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (What our de\336nition entails is that interregionalism \320 whatever its\ ultimate)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.09171 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (manifestation \320 is fundamentally cooperative in nature, intended to b\ ring)Tj -0.0119 Tc -0.0049 Tw T*(bene\336ts to both parties through voluntary negotiation and mutual agre\ ement)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0952 Tw T*(regarding a certain set of rights and responsibilities in cross-regional\ com-)Tj -0.0061 Tw T*(merce. How these bene\336ts are distributed, and how they affect third p\ arties,)Tj 0.0289 Tw T*(varies by case. As such, interregional arrangements can be treated as \322\ inter-)Tj -0.0063 Tc -0.0105 Tw T*(national regimes\323 \320 albeit more limited in actor scope and with so\ me speci\336c)Tj -0.011 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(characteristics that distinguish them from purely multilateral accords. \ )Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.00279 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (In this book, we focus on three dimensions of regime outcomes to clas-)Tj -0.00929 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (sify interregional arrangements.)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 264.5729 331.0363 Tm (9)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.00929 Tw 9 0 0 9 270.6844 327.8862 Tm (First, we can examine the )Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 12.5628 0 Td (strength)Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.00929 Tw 3.8895 0 Td (of the)Tj 0.0107 Tc -0.0108 Tw -32.5083 -1.2778 Td (arrangement: to what degree does the arrangement constrain actors\325 be\ ha-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1394 Tw T*(vior? Strong regimes generally prescribe and proscribe actions within a)Tj 0.00101 Tc -0.0011 Tw T*(clear and coherent set of rules. These rules, meanwhile, may display a r\ ange)Tj 0.0155 Tc -0.01559 Tw T*(of institutionalization \320 i.e., they are manifested to some degree in\ formal)Tj 0.0134 Tc -0.0135 Tw T*(organizations such as a secretariat, parliamentary assembly, dispute set\ tle-)Tj 0.0118 Tc -0.0119 Tw T*(ment bodies, working groups, and the like. In other words, the strength \ of)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0219 Tw T*(the regime involves a certain mix of behavioral rules and mechanisms to)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(monitor and enforce compliance among participants.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 353.1597 239.0363 Tm (10)Tj 0.03371 Tc 0.045 Tw 9 0 0 9 135.1811 224.3862 Tm (A second characteristic of interest is the )Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 20.5308 0 Td (nature)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.045 Tw 3.343 0 Td (of the regime, which)Tj 0.02699 Tc -0.0105 Tw -24.8738 -1.2778 Td (refers to the objectives promoted by the regime rules and procedures. In\ )Tj 0.03371 Tc 0.1882 Tw T*(trade, the simplest distinction is between protectionist and liberally)Tj 0.0201 Tc -0.0036 Tw T*(oriented accords. However, within the context of this book, we are prim-\ )Tj 0.03371 Tc -0.0034 Tw T*(arily interested in two other, somewhat related aspects of the nature of\ )Tj 0.028 Tc -0.01151 Tw T*(the regime: its issue scope and its development emphasis. Issue scope in\ )Tj 0.03371 Tc 0.31779 Tw T*(this context involves the range of economic \(and political\) issues)Tj 0.02499 Tc -0.0085 Tw T*(included in the regime \320 does it cover only trade, or are there provi\ sions)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 283.3979 663.1211 Tm (Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. Fogarty)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.5239 0 Td (5)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 215 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R5 gs /F-1 1 Tf -0.00031 Tc -0.00191 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 5)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 174 0 obj 7290 endobj 175 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 176 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA true /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 177 0 obj << /Length 178 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R17 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.0238 Tc -0.00729 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 127.181 638.0529 Tm (for investment, aid, and/or social issues such as human rights, labor an\ d)Tj 0.03371 Tc 0.0995 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(environmental standards, and cultural exchanges? Similarly, does the)Tj -0.0013 Tw T*(regime feature speci\336c provisions, such as preferential market access\ or)Tj 0.2934 Tw T*(import credits, for promoting economic development among some)Tj 0.0222 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(subset of regime participants? )Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0134 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (A third characteristic of interregional regimes which is more speci\336c\ to)Tj 0.08189 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (our approach in this book is that of the )Tj /F3 1 Tf 20.0814 0 Td (EU\325s commercial treatment of the)Tj 0 Tw -20.0814 -1.2778 Td (counterpart)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.0094 Tw 5.3972 0 Td (region. Does the EU treat all countries in a counterpart region)Tj 0.005 Tc -0.0051 Tw -5.3972 -1.2778 Td (uniformly, or does it prefer different rules for different countries? An\ d does)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.03999 Tw T*(the type of trade the EU pursues represent a pure interregional approach\ )Tj 0.0014 Tc -0.0015 Tw T*(\(i.e., the EU treats the counterpart as a unitary regional actor\), doe\ s it prefer)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1264 Tw T*(to deal with individual countries in a counterpart region on a bilateral\ )Tj 0.00481 Tc -0.0049 Tw T*(basis, or does it pursue some mix of interregional and bilateral approac\ hes? )Tj 0.0141 Tc -0.01421 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (This last question introduces a key theme of this book: under what con-)Tj 0.01559 Tc -0.0157 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (ditions will we see pure interregionalism as opposed to more mixed forms\ )Tj 0.011 Tc -0.01109 Tw T*(of interregional regime? In the context of EU-centered cross-regional tr\ ade)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0054 Tw T*(arrangements, we expect to see one of two types of interregional regimes\ :)Tj 0.0896 Tw T*(pure interregionalism or hybrid interregionalism. \(By de\336nition, the\ EU)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(cannot be engaged in transregional accords.\) \(See Figure 1.1\) )Tj /F4 1 Tf -0.0114 Tc -0.00591 Tw 10 0 0 10 127.181 405.5529 Tm [(3)-1162.9(Hypotheses on the origin of EU interregional trade strategies)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 0.0125 Tc -0.0126 Tw 9 0 0 9 127.181 385.0529 Tm (The question of which factors explain EU commercial relations with other\ )Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1199 Tw T*(regions is the central puzzle of this book.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 313.259 376.703 Tm (11)Tj 0.1199 Tw 9 0 0 9 323.9919 373.5529 Tm (Our primary objective is to)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 127.181 663.1211 Tm (6)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 1.4463 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 124.57 354.2 327.01 -199 re 206.679 663.121 m f* BT 0 0 0 1 k 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Tw 7.7606 0 0 7.7743 325.5621 289.0873 Tm ( )Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw -18.5501 -5.9383 Td [( semi-pure )-10( )]TJ 0.00079 Tc 0 Tw 1.2787 TL T*[(inte)4.8(rreg)10.8(i)-1.2(ona)4.8(lism)]TJ 0.00011 Tc -0.00011 Tw 7.9859 0 0 8 181.6026 175.8721 Tm [(h)-9.9(y)20.1(brid inter)-6.9(r)3.1(e)-5.9(g)10.1(ionalism )-10( transre)-5.9(g)10.1(iona)-5.9(lism)]TJ ET /R20 gs 128.442 313.965 0.31 0.311 re f* 128.753 313.965 49.202 0.311 re f* 177.955 313.965 0.31 0.311 re f* 178.265 313.965 267.432 0.311 re f* 445.697 313.965 0.311 0.311 re f* 445.74 313.965 0.311 0.311 re f* 445.74 313.965 0.311 0.311 re f* 128.442 159.501 0.31 154.464 re f* 128.442 159.342 0.31 0.159 re f* 128.442 159.342 0.31 0.159 re f* 0 0 0 1 K 0.5 w 4 M 0 j 0 J []0 d 128.753 159.501 m 128.753 159.342 l 177.955 159.342 l 177.955 159.501 l 128.753 159.501 l S 177.955 159.501 0.31 154.464 re f* 149.455 313.965 m f* 177.955 159.342 0.31 0.159 re f* 178.265 159.501 m 178.265 159.342 l 445.697 159.342 l 445.697 159.501 l 178.265 159.501 l S 445.697 159.501 0.311 154.464 re f* 445.697 159.342 0.311 0.159 re f* 445.697 159.342 0.311 0.159 re f* BT 0 g /R17 gs /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 127.5734 144.3212 Tm (Figure 1.1)Tj /F2 1 Tf 5.558 0 Td (Types of interregionalism)Tj ET 1 g 1 i /R14 gs 91 727 215 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R17 gs /F-1 1 Tf -0.00031 Tc -0.00191 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 6)Tj ET 1 G 10 M /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 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69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 178 0 obj 7585 endobj 179 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 180 0 obj << /Length 181 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R9 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.00751 Tc -0.0076 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 126.1811 638.3862 Tm (determine which factors affect EU policymakers\325 inclinations or disin\ clina-)Tj 0.01511 Tc -0.0152 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(tions to adopt an interregional approach, beginning from a set of theore\ t-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0775 Tw T*(ically grounded hypotheses. Our contending hypotheses fall within two)Tj -0.0032 Tw T*(broad categories: those that explore factors below the unit \(i.e., Euro\ pean)Tj 0.0076 Tc -0.00771 Tw T*(Union\) level, and those that look at the EU as an actor in the internat\ ional)Tj 0.01131 Tc -0.0114 Tw T*(system. These two groups of hypotheses derive from a variety of traditio\ ns)Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0006 Tw T*(in the international relations and comparative politics literatures, inc\ luding)Tj 0.00591 Tc -0.006 Tw T*(those focusing on sectoral interests, bureaucratic politics, security co\ mpeti-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0083 Tw T*(tion and nested institutions, and transnational identity formation. Thes\ e)Tj -0.0172 Tw T*(hypotheses are neither exhaustive nor mutually exclusive \320 some of th\ em)Tj 0.0105 Tc -0.0106 Tw T*(are quite closely interrelated \320 but as a starting point, we treat th\ em as dis-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0049 Tw T*(crete. \(For a short description of the de\336ning processes of EU comme\ rcial)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(policymaking, see the appendix to this chapter.\))Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.0146 Tw 2.5556 TL T*(Hypothesis 1: EU trade strategies, interregional or otherwise, are deter\ mined by)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(the relative in\337uence of speci\336c interest groups within Europe.)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.0161 Tc -0.0162 Tw T*(In this \322pluralist\323 view, European Union commercial policy is a fo\ rum for)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.237 Tw T*(competition among various societal interests \(i.e., \336rms, industry a\ ss-)Tj 0.218 Tw T*(ociations, environmental groups, etc.\) as they seek to capture the EU)Tj 0.1292 Tw T*(policymaking apparatus to promote policies that re\337ect their particul\ ar)Tj 0.0128 Tc -0.01289 Tw T*(preferences. Interest groups employ strategies that maximize the probabi\ l-)Tj 0.0042 Tc -0.0043 Tw T*(ity that their speci\336c preferences will prevail, with lobbying being \ the most)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1035 Tw T*(visible such activity. However, these actors face a tradeoff: acting alo\ ne)Tj 0.005 Tc -0.0051 Tw T*(reduces the likelihood of capture but increases the chance that \322succ\ essful\323)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.12939 Tw T*(lobbying will lead to policies re\337ecting their )Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 22.5512 0 Td (speci\336c)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.12939 Tw 3.6482 0 Td (preferences; acting)Tj 0.0031 Tc -0.0032 Tw -26.1994 -1.2778 Td (collectively increases the chances of capture but reduces the likelihood\ that)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0132 Tw T*(resulting policies will re\337ect the preferences of any individual acto\ r. Thus)Tj 0.0036 Tw T*(interest groups seek to construct minimum winning coalitions to capture)Tj 0.03259 Tw T*(the Union\325s broader trade policy agenda, with the interplay of econom\ ic)Tj 0.0594 Tw T*(actors in particular broadly representing a contest between those sector\ s)Tj 0.00909 Tc -0.0092 Tw T*(and factors that support openness in trade policy and those that oppose \ it.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1104 Tw T*(The dynamics of the resources and strategies in these two broad camps )Tj 0.2338 Tw T*(will thus determine the shape of EU trade strategies, interregional or)Tj 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw T*(otherwise.)Tj 5.85 0 0 5.85 169.832 262.0363 Tm (12)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1517 Tw 9 0 0 9 135.1811 247.3862 Tm (Given these groups\325 strategic imperatives, a set of resources, and th\ e)Tj 0.2455 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (particular EU policymaking structure, we can make predictions about)Tj 0.01401 Tw T*(which interest groups are most likely to in\337uence EU trade policy. Bu\ t to)Tj 0.01109 Tc -0.0112 Tw T*(understand EU interregionalism, we need to know why in\337uential intere\ st)Tj 0.01131 Tc -0.0114 Tw T*(groups would lobby for an interregional approach \320 as opposed to a mu\ lti-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.34599 Tw T*(product global or bilateral, or some type of single-product sectoral,)Tj 0.00751 Tc -0.0076 Tw T*(approach. Here we can consider EU interest groups\325 preferences in ter\ ms of)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.18359 Tw T*(four subtypes: \(1\) internationally competitive actors that seek genera\ l,)Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0006 Tw T*(global liberalization; \(2\) export-oriented actors that rely substantia\ lly on EU)Tj 0.00011 Tc -0.0002 Tw T*(subsidies or protection; \(3\) nonexport-oriented actors that rely subst\ antially)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 283.3979 663.1211 Tm (Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. 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They seek general liberal\ iza-)Tj 0.0121 Tc -0.01221 Tw T*(tion at the broadest possible level to take advantage of their own compe\ ti-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.34219 Tw T*(tive position and economies of scale to penetrate previously closed)Tj 0.02271 Tw T*(international markets. The best EU trade posture for such \336rms would \ be)Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0005 Tw T*(global liberalization through the WTO; and for competitive sectors it wo\ uld)Tj 0.01649 Tc -0.0166 Tw T*(be either the WTO or multilateral sectoral liberalization \(such as the \ ITA\).)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1189 Tw T*(In both cases, an interregional approach would be seen as second best,)Tj 0.3201 Tw T*(though still good to the extent that it could succeed in improving)Tj -0.01669 Tw T*(European \336rms\325 access to desirable foreign markets. 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If unions split along sectoral lines\ ,)Tj 0.1965 Tw T*(however, those in competitive sectors would be much better disposed)Tj 0.043 Tw T*(toward global and interregional agreements \(like competitive \336rms mo\ re)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(generally\) than those in uncompetitive sectors.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 325.9433 446.0363 Tm (13)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.00819 Tw 9 0 0 9 135.1811 431.3862 Tm (Finally, societal groups such as environmentalists, human rights activis\ ts,)Tj -0.0099 Tc -0.0069 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (and others that tend to oppose globalization will generally prefer to ke\ ep eco-)Tj -0.01489 Tc -0.00191 Tw T*(nomic activity at a smaller scale, where it is more easily regulated. Wh\ ile some)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0159 Tw T*(of these groups dislike capitalism in principle, most of them simply wis\ h to)Tj -0.0025 Tc -0.0143 Tw T*(curtail the human and environmental costs of international economic acti\ v-)Tj -0.0148 Tc -0.002 Tw T*(ity. 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Therefore, these societal groups will suppor\ t EU)Tj 0.0376 Tw T*(external trade agreements only to the extent to which they simultaneousl\ y)Tj -0.0009 Tc -0.0159 Tw T*(retain EU safeguards and promote similar safeguards in other countries. \ This)Tj -0.01151 Tc -0.00529 Tw T*(becomes possible as EU\325s relative bargaining strength increases, nota\ bly at the)Tj -0.01109 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(bilateral, but also potentially at the interregional, level.)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.01489 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (More generally, all of these groups\325 preferences are likely to turn o\ n the)Tj -0.00751 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (qualities of the trading counterpart in question when they consider bila\ t-)Tj 0.13879 Tw T*(eral or interregional arrangements. Some countries and regions present)Tj 0.0063 Tc -0.00639 Tw T*(powerful threats to sensitive and politically powerful sectors in Europe\ . 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In this case, European tr\ ade)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.00369 Tw T*(policy will re\337ect one of two constellations of interests: \(1\) the \ combined)Tj 0.0126 Tc -0.0127 Tw T*(interests of the \322winning coalition\323 that any one institution puts\ together)Tj 0.00349 Tc -0.0036 Tw T*(to become the dominant locus of European trade policy; or \(2\) the ongo\ ing)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.09441 Tw T*(dynamics of contention among these institutions if none can obtain or)Tj 0.0013 Tc -0.0014 Tw T*(sustain trade policy dominance. In the \336rst sense, the substance of E\ U trade)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0177 Tw T*(policy is determined by the interests co-opted by the most in\337uential\ EU)Tj 0 Tc -0.00011 Tw T*(institutions. If the relevant institutions \320 particularly the Commiss\ ion \320 can)Tj 0.00661 Tc -0.0067 Tw T*(increase their own intra-EU in\337uence by promoting trade negotiations \ and)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.27251 Tw T*(co-opting interest groups that favor interregional outcomes, this will)Tj -0.0089 Tw T*(become a focus of EU trade policy.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 276.6102 273.5363 Tm (14)Tj -0.0089 Tw 9 0 0 9 286.184 270.3862 Tm (In the second sense, policy processes)Tj 0.0007 Tc -0.00079 Tw -17.667 -1.2778 Td (as de\336ned in EU treaties are malleable and subject to interpretation,\ and EU)Tj 0.0161 Tc -0.0162 Tw T*(institutions will by nature press for interpretations that expand their \ own)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0696 Tw T*(remits. In this view, changes to the treaty base may arrive as exogenous\ )Tj -0.00349 Tw T*(shocks that formally reorder institutional responsibilities but do not a\ lter)Tj 0.0052 Tc -0.00529 Tw T*(the more general, ongoing dynamic of bureaucratic contention that shapes\ )Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(the processes that determine trade policy.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0351 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (For a bureaucratic politics hypothesis to explain trade outcomes, then,)Tj 0.1241 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (we must know which institution stands to bene\336t in terms of intra-EU)Tj 0.0083 Tc -0.00841 Tw T*(in\337uence from different trade postures, and in particular whether an \ inter-)Tj 0.0042 Tc -0.0043 Tw T*(regional outlook would bene\336t any one institution disproportionately.\ )Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 425.9759 158.5363 Tm (15)Tj 9 0 0 9 435.3235 155.3862 Tm (As)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.032 Tw -34.2381 -1.2778 Td (suggested by the discussion to this point, this question comes down to a\ )Tj 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 127.181 663.1211 Tm (10)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2.026 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R3 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 10)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 190 0 obj 6860 endobj 191 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 192 0 obj << /Length 193 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R18 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.006 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 126.1811 638.3862 Tm (struggle between the Commission and the Council. The Commission, for)Tj 0.0118 Tc -0.0119 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(its part, is the EU negotiator for any international trade agreement, an\ d so)Tj 0.0009 Tc -0.00101 Tw T*(will push for international trade negotiations whenever possible and app\ ro-)Tj 0.0101 Tc -0.01019 Tw T*(priate. More speci\336cally, however, the Commission sees its agenda exp\ and)Tj 0.0033 Tc -0.0034 Tw T*(as the scope of a proposed arrangement expands: the greater the number o\ f)Tj 0.0006 Tc -0.0007 Tw T*(sectors, countries, or policy areas \(e.g., development, aid, etc.\) inv\ olved, the)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.21651 Tw T*(greater the role for the Commission. However, broader trade arrange-)Tj 0.0078 Tc -0.0079 Tw T*(ments/policy agendas do also raise the prospect of more intra-Commission\ )Tj 0.00301 Tc -0.0031 Tw T*(wrangling between the various DGs regarding under whose purview certain)Tj 0.01019 Tc -0.0103 Tw T*(subsets of trade negotiations will fall. Still, if task expansion is the\ primary)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0172 Tw T*(goal, the Commission can be expected to prefer trade negotiations at the\ )Tj 0.0033 Tc -0.0034 Tw T*(broadest possible level, and hence to be open to broad-scoped interregio\ nal)Tj 0.0128 Tc -0.01289 Tw T*(negotiations when global processes falter. Interregional trade negotiati\ ons)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.00951 Tw T*(and arrangements potentially offer an array of bureaucratic opportunitie\ s)Tj 0.1022 Tw T*(for the Commission\325s DGs to establish institutionalized government-to\ -)Tj 0.00439 Tc -0.0045 Tw T*(government contacts with their counterparts in other regions \(i.e., ext\ ernal)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0603 Tw T*(task expansion\) and, perhaps more importantly, to tighten their control\ )Tj 0.0022 Tw T*(over their intra-EU policy briefs by managing any internal reforms neces\ -)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(sitated by new trade accords \(i.e., internal task expansion\).)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0276 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (The Council \(as well as the EP and ECJ\) is unlikely to gain new powers\ )Tj 0.209 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (through the manipulation of EU trade policy, and so simply seeks to)Tj 0.19991 Tw T*(prevent the Commission from gaining too much in\337uence at its own)Tj 0 Tw T*(expense.)Tj 5.85 0 0 5.85 163.5681 388.5363 Tm (16)Tj 0.002 Tw 9 0 0 9 173.2402 385.3862 Tm (Given that the Council is not likely to derive any institutional)Tj 0.2514 Tw -5.2288 -1.2778 Td (in\337uence from any one type of trade arrangement over another, the)Tj 0.0248 Tw T*(Council\325s preferences as a whole on the merits of global vs. interreg\ ional)Tj 0.00191 Tc -0.002 Tw T*(vs. other trade strategies may simply derive from individual member pref\ er-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1781 Tw T*(ences. EU member preferences, in turn, may be determined largely by)Tj 0.0442 Tw T*(powerful national interest groups\325 preferences. In other words, a bur\ eau-)Tj 0.14639 Tw T*(cratic politics hypothesis would not say too much about the Council\325s\ )Tj 0.0034 Tc -0.00349 Tw T*(institutional preferences regarding different types of trade arrangement\ s on)Tj 0.00031 Tc -0.0004 Tw T*(the merits of those arrangements per se,)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 294.1014 296.5363 Tm (17 )Tj -0.0004 Tw 9 0 0 9 302.4998 293.3862 Tm (but rather simply suggest that the)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.11571 Tw -19.591 -1.2778 Td (Council will brandish its oversight and approval powers to prevent the)Tj 0.0132 Tc -0.01331 Tw T*(Commission from negotiating agreements in such a way that signi\336cantl\ y)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(extends the latter\325s overall policymaking authority within the EU.)Tj 0.0228 Tc 0.0262 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (However, the Council may have one reason to prefer interregional \(or)Tj 0.05299 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (bilateral\) agreements over global ones: they may give the Union\325s mo\ re)Tj 0.015 Tc -0.0094 Tw T*(geopolitically oriented member states an opportunity to push the EU into\ )Tj 0.0228 Tc 0.1964 Tw T*(a greater prominence in international politics. Despite halting moves)Tj 0.1416 Tw T*(toward a Common Foreign and Security Policy \(CFSP\) centered in the)Tj 0.00661 Tc -0.00101 Tw T*(Commission, the EU\325s chief foreign representative \(currently Javier \ Solana\))Tj 0.0228 Tc 0.2123 Tw T*(reports to the Council, suggesting that big countries such as Britain,)Tj 0.007 Tc -0.0014 Tw T*(France, and Germany remain unwilling to cede their foreign policy powers\ )Tj 0.0228 Tc 0.12131 Tw T*(to the technocratic and still relatively inward-looking Commission. As)Tj 0.0173 Tw T*(such, they may see interregionalism as a means not only to pursue their)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 278.7602 663.1211 Tm (Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. Fogarty)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 19.5239 0 Td (11)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R18 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 11)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 193 0 obj 7050 endobj 194 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 195 0 obj << /Length 196 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R80 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.0228 Tc 0.00349 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 127.181 638.1862 Tm (vision of the EU\325s international political goals \(see next hypothesi\ s\), but)Tj -0.0107 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(also to repoliticize trade relations in a way that better suits the Coun\ cil\325s)Tj 0.0981 Tw T*(\322political\323 intergovernmentalism than the Commission\325s more tec\ hno-)Tj 0.01131 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(cratic supranationalism. )Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.0146 Tw 2.5556 TL T*(Hypothesis 3: EU trade strategies, interregional or otherwise, are deter\ mined by)Tj 0.0042 Tc -0.0043 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(international systemic constraints and opportunities. These constraints \ are of two)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.05209 Tw T*(types. The \336rst is re\337ected in a need to respond to external threa\ ts to Europe\325s)Tj 0.0114 Tc -0.01151 Tw T*(economic security and to promote Europe\325s in\337uence as an internati\ onal actor \(a)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.02921 Tw T*(form of balancing behavior\). The second is driven by considerations of \ broader)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(institutions within which trade agreements might be nested.)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.009 Tc -0.00909 Tw T*(In these two related approaches the European Union is treated analytical\ ly)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.00439 Tw T*(as a unitary alliance of constituent states. The \336rst highlights the \ EU mo-)Tj 0.0208 Tw T*(tivation of promoting its collective political and economic in\337uence \ and)Tj 0.0148 Tc -0.01489 Tw T*(security within the international system \320 particularly as a way to c\ ounter)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0416 Tw T*(American hegemony.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 220.1691 468.8363 Tm (18)Tj 0.0416 Tw 9 0 0 9 230.1971 465.6862 Tm (This view would suggest that the EU sees interre-)Tj 0.01579 Tc -0.0159 Tw -11.4462 -1.2778 Td (gionalism as an initial piece of an emerging common foreign and security\ )Tj 0.01311 Tc -0.0132 Tw T*(policy that seeks to extend European in\337uence in various strategic re\ gions)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0007 Tw T*(through a \322hub-and-spoke\323 model with the EU at the center of a ser\ ies of)Tj 0.00031 Tc -0.0004 Tw T*(economic relationships in which it maintains ties to other regions that \ may)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.16389 Tw T*(or may not have ties to one another. In most \322bilateral\323 relations\ hips)Tj 0.078 Tw T*(between regions, the European Union would be the dominant side, and)Tj 0.00591 Tc -0.006 Tw T*(thus could largely dictate the terms of these institutionalized relation\ ships.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0144 Tw T*(To a certain extent, this European strategy could be seen as classic bal\ an-)Tj 0.011 Tc -0.01109 Tw T*(cing behavior and a response to the American pursuit of a similar strate\ gy,)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0407 Tw T*(particularly through APEC and FTAA. Bhagwati and Arvind see this hub-)Tj 0.00861 Tc -0.0087 Tw T*(and-spoke approach as a new direction for Europe: \322The extension of R\ TAs)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.2859 Tw T*([reciprocal trade agreements] to non-candidate countries represents a)Tj 0.0145 Tc -0.0146 Tw T*(radical departure for the EC. By doing so, it joins the United States in\ pro-)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(moting \324hegemon-centered\325 trade agreements\311\323)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 333.4614 307.8363 Tm (19)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0255 Tw 9 0 0 9 136.181 293.1862 Tm (This hypothesis is based on a certain interpretation of the attributes o\ f)Tj 0.13161 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (both the international system in general and the EU in particular. The)Tj 0.0457 Tw T*(international system in the post-Cold War era is de\336ned by two primar\ y)Tj 0.013 Tc -0.01311 Tw T*(characteristics: the increasing importance of international economic com\ -)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.13071 Tw T*(petition \(and competitiveness\), and the rise of regionalism as a middl\ e)Tj -0.00011 Tc 0 Tw T*(position of political and institutional organization between the nation-\ state)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.00591 Tw T*(and globalism.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 191.062 227.3363 Tm (20)Tj 0.006 Tw 9 0 0 9 200.7696 224.1862 Tm (Because of the former dynamic, the struggle among eco-)Tj 0.01579 Tc -0.0159 Tw -8.1765 -1.2778 Td (nomic actors to rede\336ne the rules of international commerce in ways t\ hat)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.12331 Tw T*(privilege themselves has become high politics, with states giving much)Tj -0.0062 Tw T*(greater attention to the ways in which their domestically-based \336rms \ and)Tj 0.0972 Tw T*(industries are affected by the rules underpinning international markets.\ )Tj 0.0139 Tc -0.01401 Tw T*(Because of the latter dynamic, regions are becoming important manifesta-\ )Tj 0.00861 Tc -0.0087 Tw T*(tions of the rise of \322geoeconomics\323 and potentially economic and p\ olitical)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(actors in their own right.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 233.3507 146.8363 Tm (21)Tj 0.00571 Tc 8 0 0 8 127.181 663.1211 Tm (12)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2.026 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R80 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 12)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 196 0 obj 7107 endobj 197 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 198 0 obj << /Length 199 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R12 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.0033 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 135.1811 638.3862 Tm (In this approach, the use of trade policy as a means to manage interna-)Tj 0.10651 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (tional power relationships is a re\337ection of the inability of EU memb\ er)Tj 0.0369 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(states to generate any real momentum for a more \322political\323 CFSP. \ Since)Tj 0.0045 Tc -0.00459 Tw T*(trade policy already aggregates the member states into a coherent unit, \ and)Tj 0.0144 Tc -0.0145 Tw T*(the basis of European in\337uence in the world is more economic than pol\ it-)Tj 0.0116 Tc -0.0117 Tw T*(ical, the EU can best punch its weight in international politics by gran\ ting)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0208 Tw T*(and/or restricting access to the large and rich European market. Even if\ a)Tj 0.0022 Tc -0.0023 Tw T*(coherent CFSP does arise, it does not necessarily augur an immediate ris\ e in)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0797 Tw T*(Europe\325s political in\337uence \(not to mention military power\) arou\ nd the)Tj 0.00211 Tc -0.0022 Tw T*(world; as long as Europe remains a \322civilian power,\323 commercial po\ licy will)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(be its primary means of international political in\337uence.)Tj 0.0152 Tc -0.0153 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (The promotion of interregional trade ties may be a speci\336c strategy t\ hat)Tj 0.0079 Tc -0.008 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (draws on both Europe\325s economic and institutional strengths. It allow\ s the)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.2113 Tw T*(EU to be the senior partner in any interregional arrangement \(except)Tj 0.0006 Tc -0.0007 Tw T*(perhaps with North America\), given its greater economic weight and the \ far)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0334 Tw T*(more advanced institutionalization of its regional member states. A hub-\ )Tj 0.06329 Tw T*(and-spoke interregional system could act as a guarantor of economic se-)Tj 0.04379 Tw T*(curity in the face of the not-unimaginable dangers of the collapse of th\ e)Tj 0.10381 Tw T*(WTO and the multilateral trading system and/or a protracted trade war)Tj 0.00101 Tc -0.0011 Tw T*(with the United States \320 not unlike the British withdrawal within its\ empire)Tj 0.008 Tc -0.0081 Tw T*(during the Great Depression of the 1930s.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 304.1993 411.5363 Tm (22)Tj -0.0081 Tw 9 0 0 9 313.5921 408.3862 Tm (An interregional system would)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.00459 Tw -20.8234 -1.2778 Td (also \336t well with the EU\325s preference for \322political\323 trade \ \320 in which solu-)Tj 0.002 Tw T*(tions to trade disputes are negotiated by the disputants \320 over \322l\ egalized\323)Tj 0.0161 Tc -0.0162 Tw T*(trade \(i.e., in the WTO\).)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 229.4822 377.0363 Tm (23)Tj -0.0162 Tw 9 0 0 9 238.9691 373.8862 Tm (As noted above, the EU would almost always be)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0005 Tw -12.532 -1.2778 Td (the \(much\) stronger party in any such negotiations, and thus would ten\ d)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(to prevail in such disputes.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1494 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (The second systemic hypothesis focuses on the constraints of nested)Tj -0.01311 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (systems and institutions.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 234.1302 331.0363 Tm (24)Tj -0.01311 Tw 9 0 0 9 243.666 327.8862 Tm (From this perspective, and consistent with the)Tj 0.12061 Tw -13.0539 -1.2778 Td (above discussion on balancing, the trading system is nested within the)Tj 0.1843 Tw T*(broader economic system, which is in turn nested within the security)Tj 0.04379 Tw T*(system. Following the logic of higher-level systemic objectives, this vi\ ew)Tj 0.0009 Tc -0.00101 Tw T*(focuses on the impact that a bipolar or unipolar security system has on \ eco-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0929 Tw T*(nomic and trade objectives. A classic example of this impact is the U.S.\ )Tj 0.0645 Tw T*(willingness to make concessions to the Europeans on trade in the 1950s)Tj 0.35851 Tw T*(and interest in promoting Japanese accession to the GATT \(despite)Tj 0.00279 Tc -0.0029 Tw T*(European opposition\) \320 both in an effort to resist the Soviet Union.\ By con-)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.01669 Tw T*(trast, with the decline of the Soviet Union and the increasing transform\ a-)Tj 0.01241 Tc -0.0125 Tw T*(tion of the security system into one of unipolarity in the wake of the C\ old)Tj 0.0041 Tc -0.0042 Tw T*(War, the United States became less willing to make concession in the nam\ e)Tj 0.0121 Tc -0.01221 Tw T*(of security. This point is nicely illustrated by former U.S. Secretary o\ f State)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(James Baker, who noted in 1995:)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.00211 Tw 1.3333 -2.5556 Td (Finally, the end of the Cold War has had important rami\336cations for t\ he)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.2099 Tw T*(West itself. Absent concern about Soviet aggression, the traditional)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 278.7602 663.1211 Tm (Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. Fogarty)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 19.5239 0 Td (13)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R12 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 13)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 199 0 obj 7084 endobj 200 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 201 0 obj << /Length 202 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R43 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.0072 Tc -0.00729 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 139.181 638.3862 Tm (alliance among the United States, Western Europe and Japan is showing)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0614 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(patent signs of strain\311 U.S.\320Japanese relations, plagued by rancor\ ous)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(trade disputes, are more troubled than they have been in decades.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 418.0041 618.5363 Tm (25)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1568 Tw 9 0 0 9 136.181 592.3862 Tm (Tied to nested security considerations is the nesting of international)Tj 0.12019 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (institutions. The WTO is the dominant overarching trade organization.)Tj 0.0773 Tw T*(Under its auspices, following Article 24 of the GATT, regional free trad\ e)Tj 0.10609 Tw T*(agreements and customs unions are permitted under certain conditions)Tj 0.0159 Tc -0.01601 Tw T*(\(such as the coverage of signi\336cant trade among the members and crit\ eria)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0985 Tw T*(on trade diversion and creation\). In general, consistent with the neste\ d)Tj 0.1125 Tw T*(systems notion, the principles, norms, rules, and procedures of broader)Tj 0.03641 Tw T*(international arrangements will have an effect on the negotiation evolu-\ )Tj 0.1443 Tw T*(tion of narrower arrangements, be they on a sectoral basis as with the)Tj 0.0126 Tc -0.0127 Tw T*(Multi-Fiber Arrangement in textiles and apparel or a regional basis such\ as)Tj 0.00439 Tc -0.0045 Tw T*(NAFTA or the EU. We would expect such nested constraints to be operative\ )Tj 0.00369 Tc -0.0038 Tw T*(in the case of interregional agreements as well, which themselves should\ in)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.062 Tw T*(principle be justi\336ed under Article 24 of the WTO/GATT. A clear case \ of)Tj -0.0022 Tw T*(this would appear to be the European concern involving its trade con\337\ ict)Tj 0.0054 Tc -0.00549 Tw T*(in bananas with the United States as a result of its preferential treatm\ ent of)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(Lom\216 countries.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 195.3314 423.0363 Tm (26)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.0146 Tw 9 0 0 9 127.181 396.8862 Tm (Hypothesis 4: EU trade strategies, interregional or otherwise, are deter\ mined by)Tj 0.0303 Tw T*(the ongoing need to forge a common European identity among the people of\ its)Tj 0.01401 Tc -0.0141 Tw T*(constituent nations and by a belief in the utility of regions as a unit \ for organiz-)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(ing the global economy.)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.0063 Tc -0.00639 Tw T*(In this view, European elites \320 particularly within the Commission bu\ t also)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0256 Tw T*(in member countries \320 promote trade strategies that might help genera\ te)Tj 0.2222 Tw T*(notions of pan-European interests and identity among the peoples of)Tj -0.0134 Tw T*(Europe. Moreover, this belief extends to other regions of the world, bas\ ed)Tj 0.01311 Tc -0.0132 Tw T*(on the notion that regions provide a logical mode of organizing the worl\ d)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(economy and promoting economic development within regions.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1188 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (The underlying dynamics of European identity building involves two)Tj 0.0343 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (lacunae in relative sympathy for the EU \320 between elites and masses a\ nd)Tj 0.0081 Tc -0.00819 Tw T*(between Europhilic countries and Euroskeptic countries \320 and the desi\ re of)Tj 0.0088 Tc -0.0089 Tw T*(Europhilic elites to foster the internalization of European identities a\ mong)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0162 Tw T*(all EU citizens. Thus these elites support trade strategies in which Eur\ ope-)Tj 0.0657 Tw T*(wide interests and identities can be articulated and promoted. Examples)Tj 0.14059 Tw T*(include creating and promoting European-wide \336rms such as Airbus or)Tj 0.0132 Tc -0.01331 Tw T*(civil-society groups, or alternatively highlighting ways in which Europe\ an)Tj 0.00549 Tc -0.0056 Tw T*(norms and practices differ from those found in other regions and countri\ es)Tj -0.0058 Tw T*(of the world.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0027 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (This \322constructivist\323 hypothesis starts from the view that interna\ tional)Tj 0.01331 Tc -0.0134 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (trade occurs in a social context that both constitutes and is constitute\ d by)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1835 Tw T*(actors\325 identities and actions.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 259.3448 147.0363 Tm (27)Tj 0.1835 Tw 9 0 0 9 270.6499 143.8863 Tm (Economic interaction is not simply an)Tj 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 127.181 663.1211 Tm (14)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2.026 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R43 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 14)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 202 0 obj 6730 endobj 203 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 204 0 obj << /Length 205 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R40 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.0014 Tc -0.0015 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 126.1811 638.3862 Tm (objective, material exchange, but also involves the affective understand\ ings)Tj 0.015 Tc -0.01511 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(of individuals and societies of the meanings of economic activity throug\ h)Tj 0.01311 Tc -0.0132 Tw T*(their interpretation of available symbols. Through this lens, interregio\ nal-)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0163 Tw T*(ism is seen within the context of the broader project of European integr\ a-)Tj 0.05791 Tw T*(tion, and more speci\336cally the desire of European elites to foster a \ more)Tj 0.00031 Tc -0.0004 Tw T*(robust European identity among the citizens of member states. Hence inte\ r-)Tj 0.0014 Tc -0.0015 Tw T*(regionalism would be an institutional expression of European unity that,\ in)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.09779 Tw T*(practice, may be internalized by EU citizens. For instance, the common)Tj 0.00751 Tw T*(currency, whatever its economic rationale, may be one such institutional\ )Tj 0.3373 Tw T*(mechanism to create an identity-related response among Europeans.)Tj 0.005 Tc -0.0051 Tw T*(Interregional trade agreements, while much less a part of Europeans\325 \ every-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.02769 Tw T*(day lives, would be a more abstract way of prodding them to view them-)Tj 0.2648 Tw T*(selves as part of a cohesive economic, political, and social unit that)Tj 0.0062 Tw T*(interacts with other like-units \320 in a similar way as the completion \ of the)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(single market did internally.)Tj 0.0235 Tc -0.015 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (The underlying cognitive mechanism in this view is that only through)Tj 0.02139 Tc -0.01289 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (self-conscious interaction with comparable \322others\323 does the conce\ ption)Tj 0.0087 Tc -0.0002 Tw T*(of \322self\323 take shape. Karl Deutsch\325s \322transactional\323 appr\ oach hypothesized)Tj 0.0257 Tc 0.1665 Tw T*(that an increase in the number and frequency of transactions within)Tj 0.0184 Tc -0.0099 Tw T*(Europe would help foster a European identity. The analogical thinking in\ )Tj 0.0257 Tc 0.2603 Tw T*(the realm of international commercial policy is that increasing and)Tj -0.00301 Tw T*(formalizing transactions between Europe as a whole and other recogniz-)Tj 0.0208 Tc -0.0123 Tw T*(able regions would serve the same purpose. The shared values and norms)Tj 0.0257 Tc 0.20239 Tw T*(that are represented in European trade policy would trickle down to)Tj 0.10921 Tw T*(European citizens, who would recognize and perhaps internalize these)Tj 0.01421 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(shared values and norms into their own sense of identity.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 374.5953 354.0363 Tm (28)Tj 0.0079 Tc -0.008 Tw 9 0 0 9 135.1811 339.3862 Tm (The creation of a greater sense of \322self\323 among European citizens \ may be)Tj 0.0022 Tc -0.0023 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (a prerequisite for the EU to generate a coherent CFSP as well \320 i.e.,\ meaning)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0385 Tw T*(that the EU could exercise its institutional capacity to pursue a common\ )Tj 0.19431 Tw T*(trade policy to help generate a more robust European identity, which)Tj 0.0553 Tw T*(would then feed back into European leaders\325 ability to craft new inst\ itu-)Tj 0.1143 Tw T*(tions that further solidify the EU as a coherent international actor. Pu\ t)Tj 0.00191 Tc -0.002 Tw T*(differently, the generation of a stronger European identity is valued bo\ th in)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(and of itself as well as a means to future policy goals.)Tj 0.0067 Tc -0.00681 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (An overt connection between Europe\325s internal identity and its \322in\ terna-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.09599 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (tional identity\323 \320 i.e., how Europeans conceive of their global ro\ le, and)Tj 0.03349 Tw T*(how this perceived role feeds back into Europeans\325 conceptions of the\ m-)Tj 0.01331 Tc -0.0134 Tw T*(selves \320 also underlies this constructivist hypothesis. Some have sug\ gested)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0325 Tw T*(that European leaders have sought to foster an overall European identity\ )Tj 0.0114 Tc -0.01151 Tw T*(through comparison to other peer nations \320 notably the United States \ and)Tj 0.0096 Tc 0 Tw T*(Japan.)Tj 5.85 0 0 5.85 152.9695 181.5363 Tm (29)Tj -0.0097 Tw 9 0 0 9 162.3804 178.3863 Tm (A recurrent theme in this identity formation process is the casting)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0903 Tw -4.0221 -1.2778 Td (of Europe as a \322civil power,\323 which highlights the normative aspec\ ts of)Tj 0.08791 Tw T*(Europe\325s values and identity \(i.e., democracy, the rule of law, econ\ omic)Tj 0.01199 Tc -0.0121 Tw T*(justice, pooling of sovereignty, etc.\) and implicitly or explicitly jux\ taposes)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 278.7602 663.1211 Tm (Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. Fogarty)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 19.5239 0 Td (15)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R40 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 15)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 205 0 obj 7021 endobj 206 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 207 0 obj << /Length 208 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R10 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.0927 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 127.181 638.3862 Tm (them to other leading nations \(especially the military, commercial, and\ )Tj 0.1299 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(technological \322hyperpower\323 of the United States\).)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 350.1638 630.0363 Tm (30)Tj 0.1299 Tw 9 0 0 9 360.9864 626.8862 Tm (Indeed, the United)Tj 0 Tc -0.00011 Tw -25.9784 -1.2778 Td (States is a useful basis for comparison on many fronts. Globalism \320 o\ r, more)Tj 0.0164 Tc -0.01649 Tw T*(speci\336cally, globalization \320 is often associated with the United S\ tates, and)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0295 Tw T*(possibly favors an American view of how the world should be organized.)Tj 0.0132 Tw T*(Interregionalism could be Europe\325s riposte, projecting the EU\325s su\ ccess in)Tj 0.0112 Tc -0.01131 Tw T*(creating a region and seeking to externalize the forms that have worked \ in)Tj 0.013 Tc -0.01311 Tw T*(Europe through region-to-region trade relationships. While the U.S. tran\ s-)Tj 0.01601 Tc -0.0161 Tw T*(regional ventures to date \(APEC, FTAA\) have deemphasized regional bloc\ s)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.04269 Tw T*(as distinct halves of an interregional whole, the EU has speci\336cally \ dealt)Tj 0.1254 Tw T*(with their counterparts as a \322regional\323 group, no matter how dispa\ rate)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(geographically or politically.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.006 Tw 10 0 0 10 127.181 486.3862 Tm [(4)-1197.3(Counterpart evolution)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 0.00999 Tc -0.0101 Tw 9 0 0 9 127.181 465.8862 Tm (The source and evolution of EU preferences toward different types of tra\ de)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0769 Tw T*(arrangements are the primary lenses through which this book examines)Tj 0.24789 Tw T*(interregional outcomes. But to satisfactorily account for international)Tj 0.0025 Tw T*(regime outcomes it is of course essential to consider the characteristic\ s of)Tj 0.0264 Tw T*(the counterpart regions with which the EU engages. The chapter authors)Tj 0.10941 Tw T*(will address in some detail three interrelated aspects of the counterpar\ t)Tj 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw T*(region.)Tj 0.01221 Tc -0.0123 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (First, they explore the individual and collective preferences of the cou\ n-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0914 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (tries in the counterpart region. To some extent, this analysis is possib\ le)Tj 0.1586 Tw T*(through an approach similar to that applied to Europe: which societal)Tj 0.07201 Tw T*(groups are the most keen on \320 or opposed to \320 commercial agreement\ s?)Tj 0.0112 Tc -0.01131 Tw T*(How are preferences shaped by national or region-wide institutional stru\ c-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.14751 Tw T*(tures? Does an incipient sense of regional identity lend momentum to)Tj 0.0668 Tw T*(region-to-region agreements? However, because the EU is at a far higher)Tj 0.0519 Tw T*(level of internal institutionalization than any of the counterpart regio\ ns)Tj 0.01131 Tw T*(under consideration, this approach to )Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 18.6143 0 Td (regional )Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.01131 Tw 3.8921 0 Td (preferences cannot be bor-)Tj 0.0049 Tc -0.005 Tw -22.5064 -1.2778 Td (rowed too directly to explain motivations in counterparts where individu\ al)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1151 Tw T*(states are relatively much more important than any regional collective.)Tj 0.0611 Tw T*(Therefore, we expect counterpart motivations to be fairly region-speci\336\ c)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(and to not \336t easily within a generalized formula.)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0157 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Second, authors will consider con\336gurations of power \(particularly e\ co-)Tj 0.01469 Tc -0.0148 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (nomic\) both within the counterpart region and between the EU and all or\ )Tj 0.005 Tc -0.0051 Tw T*(some subset of the counterpart region. To a large extent, this is the re\ cipro-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.157 Tw T*(cal to hypothesis three of EU preferences: in what way do power con-)Tj 0.0123 Tc -0.01241 Tw T*(siderations within the counterpart affect the willingness of all members\ of)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.00681 Tw T*(the region to engage in interregional ties with the EU? What\325s more, \ how)Tj 0.0128 Tc -0.01289 Tw T*(do possible power asymmetries between the counterpart and the EU affect)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0573 Tw T*(the former\325s attitudes toward negotiations and possible agreements wi\ th)Tj 0.0331 Tw T*(the latter? Does collective regional action represent the means of getti\ ng)Tj 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 127.181 663.1211 Tm (16)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2.026 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R10 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 16)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 208 0 obj 6732 endobj 209 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 210 0 obj << /Length 211 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R13 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.0034 Tc -0.00349 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 126.1811 638.3862 Tm (the best possible deal from the EU? The authors consider these questions\ of)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1904 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(counterpart power with an eye to how these con\336gurations affect the)Tj 0.1236 Tw T*(intensity of preferences for different types of commercial arrangements)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(both for states in the counterpart and for the EU.)Tj 0.00101 Tc -0.00121 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Third is the idea of )Tj /F3 1 Tf 9.1153 0 Td (counterpart coherence)Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.0011 Tw 9.3159 0 Td (, or the degree to which the coun-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0596 Tw -19.4312 -1.2778 Td (terpart region manifests a clear and coherent zone of political-economic\ )Tj 0.00529 Tc -0.0054 Tw T*(activity and the institutional underpinnings to represent that zone )Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 31.7191 0 Td (vis-\210-vis)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.0051 Tc -0.0052 Tw -31.7191 -1.2778 Td (the rest of the world. In particular, the coherence of the counterpart r\ egion)Tj 0.0089 Tc -0.009 Tw T*(can be approximated through four dimensions that represent the political\ ,)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(economic, and cultural/geographic elements of regions.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.2603 Tw 2.5556 TL T*[(\245)-816.2(Is the counterpart region self-de\336ned \(e.g., MERCOSUR\), or was it)]TJ 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 1.3333 -1.2778 Td (de\336ned by the EU \(e.g., the Southern Mediterranean\)?)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.291 Tw -1.3333 -1.2778 Td [(\245)-816.2(What portion of the counterpart countries\325 economic exchange is)]TJ 0.034 Tw 1.3333 -1.2778 Td (conducted within the region as opposed to with countries outside the)Tj 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(region?)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.01981 Tw -1.3333 -1.2778 Td [(\245)-816.2(Of the broadest possible de\336nition of what constitutes the \322potent\ ial\323)]TJ 0.05409 Tw 1.3333 -1.2778 Td (region \(in rough geographical and/or cultural terms\), what portion of)Tj 0.035 Tw T*(the countries in this potential region are drawn together in a regional)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(regime of some sort?)Tj -1.3333 -1.2778 Td [(\245)-827.7(How strongly institutionalized is any region-wide regime?)]TJ 0.01711 Tc -0.00369 Tw 1 -2.5556 Td (Counterpart coherence, measured along these lines, helps to determine)Tj 0.097 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (the nature of interregionalism we see when countries from two distinct)Tj 0.0435 Tw T*(regions make commercial agreements \(i.e., pure interregionalism, hybrid\ )Tj 0.00951 Tw T*(interregionalism, or transregionalism\). An example of pure interregiona\ l-)Tj 0.0045 Tc -0.00459 Tw T*(ism is the EU-MERCOSUR Framework Agreement, in which each side nego-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.19611 Tw T*(tiates and presumably, will adopt new policies )Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 23.9877 0 Td (vis-\210-vis)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.19611 Tw 4.2262 0 Td (the other as a)Tj 0.026 Tw -28.214 -1.2778 Td (coherent regional bloc. By contrast, APEC is a transregional arrangement\ )Tj 0.0118 Tc -0.0119 Tw T*(that does not involve formal links among regional groupings. This accord\ ,)Tj 0.0013 Tc -0.0014 Tw T*(created in 1989, links a variety of countries across the Asia-Paci\336c \ including)Tj 0.0144 Tc -0.0145 Tw T*(Japan, the United States, and China, among others. Although many APEC)Tj 0.0081 Tc -0.00819 Tw T*(members are part of relevant regional groupings \(NAFTA, the Andean Pact\ ,)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1886 Tw T*(and the putative Association of Southeast Asian Nations [ASEAN] Free)Tj 0.00751 Tw T*(Trade Area\), they participate in APEC as individual economies and not a\ s)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(subsumed under their regional groupings.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 303.6147 239.0363 Tm (31)Tj 0.0103 Tc -0.01041 Tw 9 0 0 9 135.1811 224.3862 Tm (Descriptively speaking, then, we expect interregional regime outcomes \320\ )Tj 0.0136 Tc -0.0137 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (including the absence of a regime \320 to be a function of some constell\ ation)Tj 0.00349 Tc -0.0036 Tw T*(of received EU preferences and counterpart characteristics. This approac\ h is)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(represented in Figure 1.2. )Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1212 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (It is worth noting that this \322model\323 is not intended to represent \ the)Tj 0.0282 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (process by which regime outcomes are reached but simply the basic rela-)Tj -0.01379 Tw T*(tionship between inputs and outputs. As such, two additional points bear\ )Tj 0.0162 Tc -0.0163 Tw T*(making. First, we are less interested in understanding the course of eve\ nts)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 278.7602 663.1211 Tm (Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. Fogarty)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 19.5239 0 Td (17)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R13 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 17)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 211 0 obj 6859 endobj 212 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 213 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA true /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 214 0 obj << /Length 215 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R2 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.0006 Tc -0.0007 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 127.181 350.7862 Tm (in region-to-region interaction than in how certain values or con\336gur\ ations)Tj 0.0092 Tc -0.00929 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(of the abovementioned variables are associated with particular regime ou\ t-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1732 Tw T*(comes. While the chapter authors will, for the purpose of illustration,)Tj 0.0175 Tw T*(present some details regarding the nature of interregional bargaining, w\ e)Tj 0.0074 Tc -0.00751 Tw T*(tend to discount the effect that particular aspects of the bargaining pr\ ocess)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0312 Tw T*(have on regime outcomes. Second, as the \336gure suggests, we believe th\ at)Tj 0.00391 Tw T*(the creation and existence of interregional regimes are likely to feed b\ ack)Tj 0.00729 Tc -0.0074 Tw T*(into the political and economic characteristics of the participating reg\ ions.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.01221 Tw T*(Commercial regimes can create vested interests within regions and coun-)Tj 0.0152 Tc -0.0153 Tw T*(tries, lead to differential growth rates that affect the international b\ alance)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(of power, and strengthen or weaken certain intraregional institutions.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1012 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Perhaps most interesting, however, may be the potential effect that a)Tj 0.0146 Tc -0.01469 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (proliferation of interregional regimes has on the status of regionalism \ as a)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.3736 Tw T*(mode of supranational governance in the world political economy.)Tj 0.0148 Tc -0.01489 Tw T*(Following along the logic of the constructivist hypothesis outlined abov\ e,)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.2139 Tw T*(the European Union\325s interregional overtures may promote increasing)Tj 0.0889 Tw T*(counterpart coherence over time. That is, European leaders\325 attempts \ to)Tj 0.0139 Tc -0.01401 Tw T*(foster regional identities may also spread to counterpart regions, both \ cre-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1758 Tw T*(ating effective trade partners and externalizing EU institutional forms.\ )Tj 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 127.181 663.1211 Tm (18)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2.026 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 124.2 648.4 325.79 -266.2 re 211.317 663.121 m f* BT 0 0 0 1 k /R61 gs /F-6 1 Tf 0.00121 Tc 0.0018 Tw 7.0276 0 0 7.04 139.9256 635.5829 Tm [(E)5.2(U)0.2( pref)-14.8(er)-12.8(enc)-12.8(e)-0.8(s)]TJ /F-5 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.1512 0 0 7.1638 189.9525 635.5829 Tm (:)Tj /F8 1 Tf -6.6264 -1.8073 Td (\320)Tj 0.00529 Tc 0.0097 Tw 7.0276 0 0 7.04 146.5416 622.636 Tm [(In)11.3(t)6.3(e)3.3(r)-10.7(e)3.3(s)9.3(t)6.3( g)11.3(r)1.3(ou)11.3(ps)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.1512 0 0 7.1638 142.5656 609.6896 Tm (\320)Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.00211 Tw 7.0276 0 0 7.04 146.5416 609.6896 Tm [(B)-7.1(u)6.9(rea)-13.1(u)6.9(cr)-15.1(atic 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7.0276 0 0 7.04 340.3978 596.743 Tm [(Po)-20(w)21(e)-16(r)]TJ 0 Tc 7.1512 0 0 7.1638 336.4218 583.7966 Tm (\320)Tj 0.00279 Tc -0.0018 Tw 7.0276 0 0 7.04 340.3978 583.7966 Tm [(C)6.8(o)-3.2(h)8.8(e)0.8(r)-13.2(e)0.8(nce \(t = 0\))]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 7.04 i 0.539 w 8 M 0 j 1 J []0 d /R20 gs 133.045 554.494 90.466 90.627 re 331.21 576.072 99.083 64.733 re S BT /R61 gs /F-6 1 Tf -0.00101 Tc 0 Tw 7.1512 0 0 7.1638 267.9081 517.134 Tm [(B)-9(a)-7(rg)-7(a)-7(i)12(ning)]TJ ET /R20 gs 253.667 502.707 64.619 34.525 re S BT /R61 gs 0.0027 Tc 0.00031 Tw 7.0276 0 0 7.04 226.8721 441.3818 Tm [(I)6.7(n)4.7(ter)-11.3(regional regi)-8.3(m)16.7(e out)-13.3(c)0.7(om)16.7(e)-11.3(s)]TJ /F8 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.1512 0 0 7.1638 226.8721 428.4362 Tm (\320)Tj -0.0013 Tc 7.0276 0 0 7.04 230.8481 428.4362 Tm [(Str)-5.3(e)-3.3(n)-7.3(g)4.7(th)]TJ 0 Tc 7.1512 0 0 7.1638 226.8721 415.4897 Tm (\320)Tj 0.0027 Tc 7.0276 0 0 7.04 230.8481 415.4897 Tm (Nature)Tj 0 Tc 7.1512 0 0 7.1638 226.8721 402.5432 Tm (\320)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0025 Tw 7.0276 0 0 7.04 230.8481 402.5432 Tm [(EU co)-17.5(m)7.5(m)7.5(e)-1.5(r)-15.5(c)-1.5(ial tre)-13.5(a)-1.5(t)-10.5(m)7.5(e)-13.5(n)6.5(t o)-5.5(f)8.5( c)-13.5(o)-5.5(unte)-13.5(r)-3.5(p)-5.5(a)-1.5(rt)]TJ ET 0.557 w /R20 gs 219.991 386.187 137.599 64.733 re S 0.086 w 10 M 2 j 0 J 176.243 554.732 m 250.501 521.674 l 250.641 521.609 250.695 521.447 250.641 521.318 c 250.576 521.178 250.415 521.113 250.286 521.178 c 176.017 554.246 l 175.887 554.299 175.823 554.461 175.887 554.602 c 175.941 554.732 176.103 554.796 176.243 554.732 c h 250.608 523.691 m 253.667 519.969 l 248.863 519.742 l 250.608 523.691 l h B 383.088 575.866 m 321.183 522.116 l 321.065 522.02 320.903 522.03 320.795 522.137 c 320.699 522.257 320.72 522.429 320.828 522.527 c 382.733 576.265 l 382.851 576.363 383.013 576.352 383.11 576.244 c 383.206 576.125 383.196 575.963 383.088 575.866 c h 322.96 521.156 m 318.286 519.969 l 320.138 524.425 l 322.96 521.156 l h B 288.4 502.707 m 288.4 454.513 l 288.4 454.363 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397.638 450.403 l 394.558 445.698 l 391.392 441.275 l 388.118 437.154 l 384.8 433.378 l 383.12 431.587 l 381.419 429.904 l 379.696 428.307 l 377.973 426.797 l 376.228 425.394 l 374.461 424.056 l 372.696 422.826 l 370.929 421.704 l 369.119 420.668 l 367.332 419.719 l 365.522 418.899 l 363.713 418.166 l 361.904 417.539 l 360.073 417.043 l 358.241 416.634 l 357.54 416.516 l 428.074 571.777 m 430.293 576.072 l 432.381 571.713 l 428.074 571.777 l h B BT /R61 gs 0.0036 Tc 0 Tw 7.0276 0 1.4938 7.04 411.9831 450.0143 Tm (Feedback )Tj -0.00011 Tc 0.0011 Tw 0.9841 -1.2262 Td (to)Tj 0.8399 0 Td ( t = 1)Tj 0.0036 Tc 0 Tw -42.2823 1.2262 Td (Feedback )Tj -0.00011 Tc 0.0011 Tw 0.984 -1.2262 Td (to)Tj 0.8399 0 Td ( t = 1)Tj 0 g /R2 gs /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 126.1901 372.1211 Tm (Figure 1.2)Tj /F2 1 Tf 5.558 0 Td (\322Model\323 of interregional trade outcomes)Tj ET 1 g 1 i /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R2 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 18)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 0 j /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 215 0 obj 11837 endobj 216 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 217 0 obj << /Length 218 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R48 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.33279 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 126.1811 638.3862 Tm (Indeed, this institutional diffusion may be an overarching EU goal.)Tj 0.23219 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(Manners has referred to this as \322meta-regionalism,\323 in which the E\ U)Tj 0.04401 Tw T*(engages \322in interregional diplomacy which implicitly and explicitly p\ ro-)Tj 0 Tw T*(motes )Tj /F3 1 Tf 3.3413 0 Td (mim\216tisme )Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.1418 Tw 5.3499 0 Td (\(regional replication\) in places such as southeast Asia)Tj -0.01489 Tw -8.6912 -1.2778 Td (\(ASEAN\), southern Africa \(SADC\), and South America \(MERCOSUR\).\323\ )Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 425.4448 595.5363 Tm (32)Tj 9 0 0 9 434.9647 592.3862 Tm (In)Tj 0.0049 Tc -0.005 Tw -34.3093 -1.2778 Td (other words, the EU may see interregionalism as a means to promote coun-\ )Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0731 Tw T*(terpart coherence and institutional mimesis among potential and actual)Tj 0.00999 Tc -0.0101 Tw T*(regional blocs, with its own model of regional integration being the exe\ m-)Tj 0.01221 Tc 0 Tw T*(plar.)Tj 5.85 0 0 5.85 145.6152 549.5363 Tm (33)Tj -0.01241 Tw 9 0 0 9 155.058 546.3862 Tm (This too could feed back into the European identity, promoting the)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0005 Tw -3.2085 -1.2778 Td (view that the EU is at the vanguard of a movement toward a new form of)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(political, economic, and social organization that renders old national i\ den-)Tj T*(tities obsolete \(or at least less important\).)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.00591 Tw 10 0 0 10 126.1811 486.3862 Tm [(5)-1197.3(Analytical expectations regarding hypotheses of)]TJ 1.15 TL T*(interregional developments)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.0127 Tc -0.0128 Tw 9 0 0 9 126.1811 454.3862 Tm (Given these hypotheses regarding the most important determinants of EU)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0808 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(\(and counterpart\) preferences)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 14.8119 0 Td (vis-\210-vis)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.0808 Tw 4.111 0 Td (different commercial policies and)Tj 0.0078 Tc -0.0079 Tw -18.9228 -1.2778 Td (relationships, there remains the question of how the sets of variables h\ igh-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0079 Tw T*(lighted in each hypothesis relate to each of our three speci\336c regime\ out-)Tj 0.09399 Tw T*(comes of interest. That is, as interregional trade regimes are negotiate\ d,)Tj -0.0005 Tw T*(renegotiated, or left unnegotiated over time, which actors or contexts a\ re)Tj 0.0123 Tc -0.01241 Tw T*(most likely to have the greatest effect on the evolving strength and nat\ ure)Tj 0.0078 Tc -0.0079 Tw T*(of the regime and the EU\325s treatment of its counterparts therein? Whi\ le we)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0582 Tw T*(begin from an understanding of a complex and multicausal world \320 and)Tj -0.0032 Tw T*(thus are skeptical about drawing straight lines from likely inputs to li\ kely)Tj -0.00841 Tw T*(outputs \320 we set out with the following sets of expectations regardin\ g the)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(relationships between these inputs and outputs.)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.00861 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (In considering the relative importance of these different factors, we us\ e)Tj 0.01221 Tc -0.0123 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (an ordinal ranking that scores them as \324most important,\325 \324very \ important,\325)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.01089 Tw T*(\324important,\325 \324somewhat important,\325 and \324least important.\325\ This, of course,)Tj 0.0229 Tw T*(does not mean that a variable identi\336ed as \324least important\325 is\ irrelevant;)Tj 0.02251 Tw T*(rather, it simply indicates that we expect it to have a less direct effe\ ct on)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(the outcomes of interest than the other factors.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.006 Tw 2.2222 TL T*(Regime strength)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.0742 Tw 1.6111 TL T*(We de\336ne the strength of an interregional regime in terms of its form\ al)Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0005 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(institutionalization and the bindingness of its rules. Our expectations \ are as)Tj 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw T*(follows.)Tj -0.00481 Tc -0.01199 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Systemic power and security considerations considerations should be most\ )Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0168 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (important. The relative importance of a particular interregional relatio\ nship)Tj 0.0275 Tw T*(\(both for the EU and for the counterpart\) in solidifying a strong and \ secure)Tj 0.08569 Tw T*(place in the international system \320 and for promoting domestic econom\ ic)Tj -0.01151 Tc -0.00529 Tw T*(security and stability \320 can clearly be expected to affect each side\325\ s willingness)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 278.7602 663.1211 Tm (Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. Fogarty)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 19.5239 0 Td (19)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R48 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 19)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 218 0 obj 6861 endobj 219 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 220 0 obj << /Length 221 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R11 gs /F2 1 Tf -0.0114 Tc -0.0054 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 127.181 638.3862 Tm (to tie itself strongly to the other. This potentially reciprocal aspect \ of systemic)Tj -0.0099 Tc -0.0069 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(considerations may be particularly re\337ected in the institutions of co\ operation)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0184 Tw T*(the two sides set up to manage relations. However, the bindingness of ru\ les)Tj 0.06931 Tw T*(across relevant issues may be strongly shaped by the distribution of pow\ er)Tj 0.1011 Tw T*(within the interregional relationship. That is, when its relational powe\ r is)Tj -0.01511 Tc -0.00169 Tw T*(asymmetrically great, the EU would be expected to seek to impose strong \ rules)Tj -0.0011 Tc -0.0157 Tw T*(that force counterparts to open their markets, while denying or delaying\ the)Tj -0.011 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(imposition of strong rules that would hurt its own domestic interests. )Tj 0.0022 Tc -0.0023 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (The interplay among interest groups should be very important for regime)Tj 0.0116 Tc -0.0117 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (strength. Generally speaking, business groups will have very strong pref\ er-)Tj 0.0011 Tc -0.00121 Tw T*(ences regarding the bindingness of regime rules: they will be very posit\ ively)Tj -0.00011 Tc 0 Tw T*(disposed toward binding rules that improve their competitive position bo\ th)Tj 0.013 Tc -0.01311 Tw T*(in the European and counterpart markets, and negatively disposed toward)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.00459 Tw T*(binding rules that hurt their competitive positions. The intensity of th\ eir)Tj 0.0211 Tw T*(preferences \320 and thus the extent to which they will seek to sway pol\ icy-)Tj 0.14861 Tw T*(makers toward their viewpoints \320 will mirror the size of the impact o\ f)Tj 0.0249 Tw T*(binding rules on their competitive positions. However, while all relevan\ t)Tj 0.0125 Tc -0.0126 Tw T*(private sector groups may support the creation of fora such as roundtabl\ es)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0318 Tw T*(and working groups that include them in regime processes, their level of\ )Tj 0.0041 Tc -0.0042 Tw T*(commitment to such fora may be mild if they believe domestic channels of\ )Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(in\337uence to be more effective.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1911 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Nesting considerations are likely to be important in in\337uencing the)Tj 0.00571 Tc -0.0058 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (strength of regimes. States are likely to be concerned with compliance w\ ith)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1682 Tw T*(higher-level institutions that affect broader trade and possibly securit\ y)Tj 0.23351 Tw T*(interests. Thus regime rules at the interregional level are likely to be\ )Tj 0.00529 Tc -0.0054 Tw T*(brought in conformity with broader level trading arrangements such as th\ e)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0219 Tw T*(WTO, particularly if these interregional regimes undermine such broader)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(arrangements or create con\337icts with trading partners. )Tj -0.00439 Tc -0.01241 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Inter-bureaucratic contention should be somewhat important. The institu-\ )Tj -0.0123 Tc -0.0045 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (tional roles of the Commission and the Council may lead them to have div\ er-)Tj -0.01489 Tc -0.00191 Tw T*(gent preferences regarding both rule bindingness and institutionalizatio\ n. The)Tj -0.00439 Tc -0.01241 Tw T*(Commission, which seeks to create and enforce binding rules within Europ\ e,)Tj -0.00279 Tc -0.01401 Tw T*(may be constitutionally better inclined toward such rules in an interreg\ ional)Tj -0.0146 Tc -0.0022 Tw T*(arena, while the Council, to the extent that it is a forum for maintaini\ ng \337exi-)Tj -0.00639 Tc -0.01041 Tw T*(bility for national members, may be more skeptical. Similarly, a heavily\ insti-)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.15109 Tw T*(tutionalized interregional regime may present more opportunities for the\ )Tj -0.0105 Tw T*(Commission to represent the EU as a whole, perhaps causing the Council t\ o)Tj -0.0069 Tc -0.0099 Tw T*(withhold support for proliferating of\336cial fora within the regime \320\ or to push)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.13251 Tw T*(for institutionalization to focus on national and subnational private- a\ nd)Tj 0.0778 Tw T*(public-sector actors. However, it is not clear to us whether these diver\ gent)Tj 0.1174 Tw T*(bureaucratic preferences regarding interregional regime strength would b\ e)Tj -0.011 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(strong enough to be decisive.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.189 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Identity considerations may be least important. In general, it is not)Tj 0.03529 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (immediately obvious why the strength of interregional rules and institu-\ )Tj 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 127.181 663.1211 Tm (20)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2.026 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R11 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 20)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 221 0 obj 6912 endobj 222 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 223 0 obj << /Length 224 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R7 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.218 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 126.1811 638.3862 Tm (tions should be a function of EU leaders\325 desire to foster a European\ )Tj 0.0072 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(identity; after all, the identi\336cation of and symbolic relation to th\ e other)Tj 0.00909 Tc -0.0092 Tw T*(should be more important than the nitty-gritty details of speci\336c rul\ es and)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1008 Tw T*(institutions. However, if EU leaders believe that the relative strength \ of)Tj 0.0625 Tw T*(interregional rules and institutions is potentially constitutive of the \ two)Tj 0.007 Tc -0.0071 Tw T*(regions themselves, then they may seek a level of regime strength that b\ est)Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.00031 Tw T*(symbolizes the level of European commitment \320 and perhaps best promot\ es)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(EU-style institutions in counterpart regions.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.006 Tw 2.2222 TL T*(Regime nature)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.0154 Tc -0.0155 Tw 1.6111 TL T*(We de\336ne the nature of an interregional regime in terms of its issue \ scope)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(and its development emphasis. Our expectations are as follows.)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0081 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Identity considerations should be most important. As the EU continues)Tj 0.0087 Tc -0.0088 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (to struggle to assert its identity within Europe and in the world, EU po\ licy-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.04269 Tw T*(makers are surely aware that the types of issues the EU emphasizes in it\ s)Tj 0.0051 Tw T*(dealings with other \322like\323 actors will re\337ect on the EU itself.\ Thus the EU)Tj 0.0125 Tc -0.0126 Tw T*(may be expected to make strong efforts to show that it is much more than\ )Tj 0.00169 Tc -0.0018 Tw T*(a mere regional FTA by emphasizing a broad range of issues in its region\ -to-)Tj 0.0085 Tc -0.00861 Tw T*(region relationships, particularly those issues on which it sees itself \ having)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.14481 Tw T*(a \322comparative advantage,\323 such as human rights and social cohesio\ n.)Tj 0.0051 Tc -0.0052 Tw T*(Moreover, it may also seek to set itself up for a favorable comparison t\ o the)Tj 0.0023 Tc -0.0024 Tw T*(United States by including generous development terms where appropriate.\ )Tj 0.01579 Tc -0.0159 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Nesting considerations should be very important. We expect signi\336cant\ )Tj 0.0139 Tc -0.01401 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (efforts to be made to keep the nature of the interregional agreements co\ n-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0789 Tw T*(sistent with the GATT/WTO. This does not, however, mean that the EU)Tj 0.0047 Tw T*(might not use the opportunity of developing interregional agreements to)Tj 0.0105 Tc -0.0106 Tw T*(pursue \322WTO-plus\323 arrangements that would allow it to both differe\ ntiate)Tj 0.00639 Tc -0.0065 Tw T*(itself from the United States and meet its own objectives that cannot ea\ sily)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(be pursued at the WTO level.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 249.5103 319.5363 Tm (34)Tj -0.0141 Tc -0.0027 Tw 9 0 0 9 135.1811 304.8862 Tm (Inter-bureaucratic contention should be important. Speci\336cally with r\ espect)Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.009 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (to the EU, we expect the Commission to pursue a broad issue scope, both \ to)Tj -0.0049 Tc -0.0119 Tw T*(expand its overall role in the negotiation and maintenance of a given re\ gime)Tj -0.0117 Tc -0.0051 Tw T*(and to ensure that its various DGs are represented therein. This second \ reason)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.4097 Tw T*(also suggests that the Commission, and particularly its Development)Tj 0.1246 Tw T*(Directorate, will push for development provisions where appropriate. The\ )Tj -0.01289 Tc -0.00391 Tw T*(extent to which the Council will resist, acquiesce, or support Commissio\ n ini-)Tj -0.0108 Tc -0.006 Tw T*(tiatives in this area is somewhat less clear. The Council may weigh in o\ n issue)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0314 Tw T*(scope if one or several EU member states have particular sensitivities t\ o the)Tj 0.1344 Tw T*(inclusion or exclusion of certain issues; it may weigh in on development\ )Tj -0.0071 Tc -0.0097 Tw T*(emphasis if member states seek to manage relations with countries or reg\ ions)Tj -0.01109 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(of particular interest through an EU-led interregional forum.)Tj -0.0161 Tc -0.0007 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Systemic power and security considerations should be somewhat important.\ )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0439 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (The EU may seek both a broad issue scope and a development emphasis in)Tj 0.07179 Tw T*(any interregional regime with less-developed countries \320 particularly\ those)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 278.7602 663.1211 Tm (Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. Fogarty)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 19.5239 0 Td (21)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R7 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 21)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 224 0 obj 6908 endobj 225 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 226 0 obj << /Length 227 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R70 gs /F2 1 Tf -0.0063 Tc -0.0105 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 127.181 638.3862 Tm (LDCs in relative proximity to Europe \320 if it is seen as a means to pr\ omote sta-)Tj -0.0085 Tc -0.0083 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(bility within the counterpart region and limit the \337ow of migrants to\ Europe.)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.09689 Tw T*(At a more systemic level, the EU\325s relatively greater willingness to \ include)Tj 0.06351 Tw T*(developmental and aid provisions in any such regime may allow it to be a\ )Tj -0.0101 Tc -0.0067 Tw T*(more attractive partner than the United States to counterpart regions, t\ hough)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0336 Tw T*(these counterparts\325 suspicion of environmental and labor provisions w\ ould)Tj -0.00549 Tc -0.01131 Tw T*(suggest that the EU would have to leave these types of issues out to pre\ ss this)Tj -0.01109 Tc 0 Tw T*(advantage.)Tj 5.85 0 0 5.85 171.5007 561.0363 Tm (35)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0518 Tw 9 0 0 9 136.181 546.3862 Tm (The interplay among interest groups should be least important for the)Tj 0.0746 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (nature of the regime. On the one hand, we expect all interest groups to)Tj 0.00391 Tc -0.004 Tw T*(have quite strong preferences with regard to issue scope, and to mobiliz\ e to)Tj 0.0036 Tc -0.00369 Tw T*(impress those preferences on policymakers. For instance, while competiti\ ve)Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.00031 Tw T*(\336rms will seek to focus the regime on trade and investment, European \ labor)Tj 0.004 Tc -0.0041 Tw T*(groups may seek the inclusion of strong labor and/or human rights clause\ s,)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0195 Tw T*(green groups the inclusion of environmental rules, European farmers the)Tj 0.0461 Tw T*(exclusion of agricultural liberalization, and the like. However, we expe\ ct)Tj 0.07291 Tw T*(interest groups to have less of an interest \(and thus likely effect\) o\ n the)Tj 0.08611 Tw T*(developmental emphasis of the regime, as this aspect of policy tends to)Tj 0.00861 Tc -0.0087 Tw T*(derive from an agenda determined within the public sector \320 though po\ or-)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(country-advocate NGOs may well have some in\337uence here.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.006 Tw 2.2222 TL T*(EU commercial treatment of counterparts)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.1413 Tw 1.6111 TL T*(We de\336ne the EU\325s commercial treatment of the counterpart region i\ n)Tj -0.0034 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(terms of its relative uniformity of treatment across countries in the co\ un-)Tj 0.0135 Tc -0.0136 Tw T*(terpart and its inclination to deal with these countries as a single gro\ up or)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(plurally. Our expectations are as follows.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0206 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Systemic power and security considerations should be most important.)Tj 0.00369 Tc -0.0038 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (Different countries present the EU with different levels of political an\ d eco-)Tj 0.0031 Tc -0.0032 Tw T*(nomic challenges and opportunities, and the EU\325s commercial treatment\ of)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.2117 Tw T*(these different countries will re\337ect this balance of opportunities a\ nd)Tj 0.07249 Tw T*(threats. Some counterpart regions may have little differentiation among)Tj 0.007 Tc -0.0071 Tw T*(their constituent countries in this respect, providing little impetus fo\ r vari-)Tj 0.0121 Tc -0.01221 Tw T*(able treatment or regional disaggregation. However, in other regions the\ re)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.10361 Tw T*(may be one or a few countries that present either clear or unique chal-)Tj 0.00729 Tc -0.0074 Tw T*(lenges or opportunities, giving the EU a strong incentive to negotiate s\ epa-)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(rate terms with the countries \(if it chooses to negotiate with them at \ all\). )Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.06261 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Nesting should be very important. We expect this element to possibly)Tj 0.0972 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (con\337ict with the power-based objective of differential treatment, whi\ ch)Tj 0.00661 Tw T*(may lead to con\337ict with the WTO requirements for most favored nation\ )Tj 0.13 Tw T*(treatment. Thus, in this case, rather than a complementary cumulative)Tj 0.0072 Tc -0.00729 Tw T*(effect, we might see con\337icting objectives that may manifest itself i\ n intra-)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(EU bureaucratic contention.)Tj 0.0088 Tc -0.0089 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (The interplay among interest groups should be important for the type of)Tj 0.015 Tc -0.01511 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (EU commercial treatment. In particular, we expect interest group input t\ o)Tj 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 127.181 663.1211 Tm (22)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2.026 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R70 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 22)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 227 0 obj 6785 endobj 228 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 229 0 obj << /Length 230 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R58 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.2675 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 126.1811 638.3862 Tm (be quite strong with respect to the relative uniformity of treatment.)Tj 0.0072 Tc -0.00729 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(Countries in a counterpart region may have different levels of comparati\ ve)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1339 Tw T*(or competitive advantage across a number of politically salient sectors,\ )Tj 0.1068 Tw T*(leading EU interest groups seeking to maintain protection against com-)Tj -0.0002 Tw T*(petitors from particular countries to mobilize to ensure that the EU tre\ ats)Tj 0.01241 Tc -0.0125 Tw T*(those competitors differently than less threatening counterparts. Altern\ at-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0639 Tw T*(ively, EU producers and investors may want special deals with countries)Tj 0.00391 Tc -0.0041 Tw T*(that offer relatively greater commercial opportunities. Re\337ected in E\ U trade)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.01221 Tw T*(policy, these interest group pressures could be expected to affect both \ the)Tj 0.1111 Tw T*(uniformity of treatment and trade types, probably in the direction of a)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(more plural approach.)Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0006 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Identity-related considerations should be somewhat important. Similar to\ )Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.04829 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (the logic with regime nature, European policymakers may view EU com-)Tj 0.09399 Tw T*(mercial treatment of counterpart regions as a re\337ection on both the i\ n-)Tj 0.3165 Tw T*(ternal and external identity of a united Europe, with uniformity of)Tj 0.006 Tc -0.0061 Tw T*(treatment of countries \320 or perhaps respect for diversity therein \320\ re\337ecting)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.2991 Tw T*(and retransmitting Europe\325s own experience. Nevertheless, we would)Tj 0.03529 Tw T*(expect these sorts of motivations to be an underlying, rather than domi-\ )Tj 0.01559 Tc -0.0157 Tw T*(nant, factor. To the extent that the EU seeks to promote its own organiz\ a-)Tj 0.01379 Tc -0.0139 Tw T*(tional forms abroad, however, we might also expect policymakers to favor\ )Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(interregional over plural-bilateral trade types.)Tj 0.03371 Tc 0.3063 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Inter-bureaucratic contention may be least important. While the)Tj 0.1705 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (Commission seeks task expansion in general, it also prefers ef\336cient)Tj 0.1136 Tw T*(modes of bargaining, and having to negotiate a separate set of terms)Tj 0.2036 Tw T*(with a number of different countries would not be the sort of task)Tj -0.0065 Tw T*(expansion the EC craves \320 especially if there is a large number of co\ un-)Tj -0.0155 Tw T*(tries in the counterpart region. However, for both the Commission and)Tj 0.0262 Tc -0.0097 Tw T*(the Council, other considerations may outweigh whatever \(weak\) inher-)Tj 0.0329 Tc -0.0164 Tw T*(ent preferences they have regarding commercial treatment type such as)Tj 0.03371 Tc 0.04401 Tw T*(the positions and activities of relevant interest groups \(see above\) a\ nd)Tj 0.19769 Tw T*(particularly the political-security relationships with countries in the)Tj 0.0222 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(counterpart region.)Tj 0.00909 Tc -0.0092 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (A preliminary \322ranking\323 of the relevance of each of these hypothes\ es for)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (our interregional regime outcomes of interest is summarized in Table 1.3\ .)Tj /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 278.7602 663.1211 Tm (Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. Fogarty)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 19.5239 0 Td (23)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0.75 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 126.85 220.41 m 444.85 220.41 l S BT /R58 gs /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 126.8478 228.7879 Tm (Table 1.3)Tj /F2 1 Tf 5.3704 0 Td (Ranking the expected explanatory power of hypotheses)Tj ET 0.5 w /R14 gs 126.85 200.54 m 444.85 200.54 l S BT /R58 gs /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 126.8478 206.7878 Tm [(Regime strength )-7564.8(Regime nature)-7629.4(Commercial treatment)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 2 TL T*[(1. systemic/balancing)-4561.9(1. constructivist)-6278.8(1. systemic/balancing)]TJ 1.25 TL T*[(2. pluralist)-9721.7(2. nesting)-9199.8(2. nesting)]TJ T*[(3. nesting)-10116.5(3. bureaucratic politics)-3142.8(3. pluralist)]TJ T*[(4. bureaucratic politics)-4059.5(4. systemic/balancing)-3645.2(4. constructivist)]TJ ET 0.75 w /R14 gs 126.85 143.41 m 444.85 143.41 l S BT /R58 gs 8 0 0 8 126.8478 150.7878 Tm [(5. constructivist)-7195.4(5. pluralist)-8805(5. bureaucratic politics)]TJ ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R58 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 23)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 230 0 obj 6582 endobj 231 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 232 0 obj << /Length 233 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R28 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc -0.0099 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 127.181 638.3862 Tm (These rankings and the analysis that informs them suggest that, based on\ )Tj -0.00481 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(an initial assessment, none of the four hypotheses is likely to prove do\ m-)Tj 0.1393 Tw T*(inant across all relevant aspects of interregional regimes. However, our\ )Tj 0.004 Tc -0.0041 Tw T*(expectations are very preliminary. The indeterminacy of a purely deducti\ ve)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0188 Tw T*(or logical approach to these questions only further highlights the impor\ -)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(tance of grounding this study in in-depth cases.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.00591 Tw 10 0 0 10 127.181 555.3862 Tm [(6)-1197.3(Preliminary snapshot of cases)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 0.0145 Tc -0.0146 Tw 9 0 0 9 127.181 534.8862 Tm (Before moving on to the authors\325 analysis of the various cases of EU \ inter-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.01781 Tw T*(regionalism, we want to establish the basis of comparison by providing a\ )Tj 0.0116 Tc -0.0117 Tw T*(very brief snapshot of each. This snapshot portrays them only at their \336\ rst)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.18761 Tw T*(stage of development, when the initial terms of the relationship were)Tj 0.00391 Tc -0.004 Tw T*(emerging. In the conclusion, we will contrast this initial snapshot to a\ later)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.28799 Tw T*(point in time, and will attempt to draw conclusions regarding both)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(between-case and within-case variation in regime developments.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.006 Tw 2.2222 TL T*(EU-Central and Eastern Europe \(1990\))Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.0004 Tc 0.2155 Tw 1.6111 TL T*(The relationship between the EU and the formerly communist states of)Tj -0.00211 Tc -0.01469 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(Central and Eastern Europe \(CEE\) represents the case in which the dyna\ mics)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.1274 Tw T*(of regionalism and interregionalism is most closely intertwined. The EU\325\ s)Tj -0.0036 Tc -0.0132 Tw T*(answer to the question of how to reunite Europe after the parting of the\ Iron)Tj -0.002 Tc -0.0148 Tw T*(Curtain was initially interregional: since these poor, fragile new democ\ racies)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.30949 Tw T*(could not immediately be brought within the Union, the existing EU)Tj -0.0143 Tc -0.0025 Tw T*(members decided to encourage CEE countries to pursue their own subregion\ al)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0696 Tw T*(groupings as a means to promote stability and cooperation in the interim\ .)Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0132 Tw T*(Except for the Balkans \320 an area beginning to slip into chaos at the \ outset of)Tj -0.01649 Tc -0.00031 Tw T*(the 1990s \320 the EU would see its relations with potential \(though by\ no means)Tj -0.0041 Tc -0.0127 Tw T*(certain\) future members develop with three new blocs: the Visegrad grou\ p of)Tj 0.00011 Tc -0.01691 Tw T*(Central Europe \(including Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary\), the Ba\ ltic)Tj -0.0108 Tc -0.006 Tw T*(trio \(Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia\), and the Commonwealth of Indepen\ dent)Tj -0.011 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(States \(the former Soviet republics\).)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.17841 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (The encouragement of interregional relations with these subregional)Tj 0.01601 Tc -0.0161 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (groupings represented a potentially practical solution to integrating th\ ese)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.03391 Tw T*(newly postcommunist countries into the zone of stability and prosperity)Tj 0.0511 Tw T*(that existed in Western Europe. It provided a short-term response to the\ )Tj 0.0076 Tc -0.0078 Tw T*(inevitable dif\336culty of )Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 10.777 0 Td (formally )Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.0078 Tw 3.9961 0 Td (integrating these countries into Europe and)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.03169 Tw -14.7731 -1.2778 Td (a possible means for both coalescing and distinguishing among different)Tj 0.10001 Tw T*(classes of potential members, even as it established a set of vehicles f\ or)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(organizing EU assistance to and commerce with these countries.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.006 Tw 2.2222 TL T*(EU-Southern Mediterranean \(1995\))Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.1039 Tw 1.6111 TL T*(The European Union\325s \322Mediterranean\323 policy began in the 1960s \ with)Tj 0.0132 Tc -0.01331 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(loose concessionary trade agreements with the southern littoral countrie\ s,)Tj 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 127.181 663.1211 Tm (24)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2.026 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R28 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 24)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 233 0 obj 6607 endobj 234 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 235 0 obj << /Length 236 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R31 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.17841 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 126.1811 638.3862 Tm (followed in the 1970s by an expansion of economic and \336nancial co-)Tj 0.27119 Tw 1.2778 TL T*[(operation. The EU\325s)-575.4(New Mediterranean Policy of 1990 introduced a)]TJ 0.1927 Tw T*(\336nancial partnership consisting of \336nancial assistance from the EU\ to)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.00211 Tw T*(bolster economic and structural reforms along the southern Mediterranean\ .)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.19431 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (The Barcelona Declaration of 1995 codi\336ed the aims of the EU and)Tj 0.0022 Tc -0.0023 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (Med12 countries \(Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Leba\ non,)Tj 0.0157 Tc -0.01579 Tw T*(the Palestinian autonomous territories, Syria, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta\ \),)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0079 Tw T*(establishing 2010 as the goal for establishing a free-trade area. The ai\ m of)Tj 0.00279 Tw T*(the declaration was to create an \322area of shared prosperity\323 to me\ et three)Tj 0.0063 Tc -0.00639 Tw T*(broad objectives: to accelerate sustainable socio-economic development, \ to)Tj 0.0152 Tc -0.0154 Tw T*(improve living conditions, and to encourage regional cooperation and in-\ )Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0347 Tw T*(tegration. The EU also promised a substantial increase in \336nancial as\ sist-)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(ance to Med12 states.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.00591 Tw 2.2222 TL T*(EU-East Asia \(1996\))Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.2052 Tw 1.6111 TL T*(Building on a generation of region-to-region ties between Europe and)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.00211 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(ASEAN, the EU and members of ASEAN plus Japan, China, and South Korea)Tj -0.00011 Tc 0 Tw T*(established the Asia-Europe Meeting \(ASEM\) in 1996. Intended to give i\ nsti-)Tj 0.0036 Tc -0.00369 Tw T*(tutional ballast to the relatively weak commercial and political relatio\ nship)Tj 0.0135 Tc -0.0136 Tw T*(between Europe and East Asia, the EU and the ASEAN+3 created a process-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.3304 Tw T*(oriented forum to strengthen interregional relations in general and,)Tj 0.01961 Tw T*(Europeans hoped, to expand trade and investment relationships through)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(improved access for exporters and investors.)Tj 0.0032 Tc -0.0034 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (However, ASEM adopted a broad agenda, providing fora for policymakers)Tj 0.00639 Tc -0.0065 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (and private actors to discuss a broad range of issues from business to d\ evel-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.28101 Tw T*(opment to cultural exchanges. While ASEM was explicitly born as a)Tj 0.00661 Tc -0.0067 Tw T*(partnership of equals, the far lower regional institutionalization and p\ oliti-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.02921 Tw T*(cal, economic, and sociocultural diversity among East Asian nations pro-\ )Tj 0.01511 Tc -0.0152 Tw T*(vided Europeans with the need \320 or perhaps the opportunity \320 to pu\ rsue a)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0345 Tw T*(plural approach to relations with countries of East Asia within the ASEM\ )Tj 0.00549 Tc 0 Tw T*(forum.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.00591 Tw 2.2222 TL T*(EU-Africa, the Caribbean, and the Paci\336c \(1975\))Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.01289 Tc -0.013 Tw 1.6111 TL T*(The Lom\216 Convention, \336rst agreed to in 1975 by the EU and a large \ group)Tj 0.00349 Tc -0.0036 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(of countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Paci\336c \(ACP\), was es\ tablished)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0128 Tw T*(to govern commercial relations between European countries and many of)Tj 0.286 Tw T*(their former colonies. Created at the high-water mark of developing)Tj 0.1306 Tw T*(country unity in international trade and economic relations, the Lom\216\ )Tj 0.01421 Tc -0.0143 Tw T*(Convention strongly institutionalized European support for and preferen-\ )Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(tial treatment of ACP countries industries and exports. )Tj -0.01559 Tc -0.00121 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Speci\336cally, Lom\216 codi\336ed EU\320ACP relations across several ar\ eas \320 including)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.16071 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (trade, \336nance, and industry \320 with the goal of helping ACP countri\ es to)Tj -0.0117 Tc -0.0051 Tw T*(achieve self-sustaining economic development, and established a \322perm\ anent)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0694 Tw T*(dialogue\323 through a joint council of ministers, committee of ambassad\ ors,)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 278.7602 663.1211 Tm (Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. Fogarty)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 19.5239 0 Td (25)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R31 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 25)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 236 0 obj 6641 endobj 237 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 238 0 obj << /Length 239 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R42 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.0004 Tc 0.11189 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 127.181 638.3862 Tm (and assembly. Lom\216 provided for substantially equal treatment across \ the)Tj -0.0101 Tc -0.0067 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(myriad ACP participants, though favored clients \(or former colonies\) r\ eceived)Tj -0.0154 Tc -0.0014 Tw T*(some special attention \320 although not necessarily or always within th\ e speci\336c)Tj -0.01109 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(Lom\216 framework.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.006 Tw 2.2222 TL T*[(EU-Southern Cone \(South America\))-296.1(\(1995\))]TJ /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc -0.0148 Tw 1.6111 TL T*(Leaders from the EU and Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay signed)Tj 0.3764 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(the EU-MERCOSUR Interregional Framework Cooperation Agreement)Tj 0.2489 Tw T*(\(EMIFCA\) in December 1995. Created to develop a pure-interregional)Tj 0.00101 Tc -0.0011 Tw T*(regime, the EMIFCA process began with a few core ideas but with only haz\ y)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0471 Tw T*(outlines of the rules that it sought to codify. While an interregional f\ ree)Tj 0.2449 Tw T*(trade area was a primary goal, the two sides would promote broader)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(exchanges to re\337ect the deep historical and cultural links between th\ em.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.13789 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (The forum was fairly weakly institutionalized, however, with unclear)Tj 0.14931 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (prospects for binding rules. The unique aspect of this relationship was \ )Tj 0.23959 Tw T*(the fact that it was born early simultaneously to the creation of the)Tj 0.0316 Tw T*(MERCOSUR customs union, which implied a pure interregional relation-)Tj 0.0985 Tw T*(ship in which the terms of any future agreement would re\337ect the eco-\ )Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(nomic unity of each of the two regions.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.00591 Tw 2.2222 TL T*[(EU-North America)-296.1(\(1990\))]TJ /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.0797 Tw 1.6111 TL T*(In 1990, policymakers on both sides of the Atlantic were pondering the)Tj 0.03889 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(future of their mutual relations after the end of the Cold War. While EU\ )Tj 0.13319 Tw T*(commercial ties to North America \320 and the United States and Canada)Tj 0.01221 Tc -0.0123 Tw T*(speci\336cally \320 were already strong and stable, in that year it sign\ ed separate)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1499 Tw T*(agreements with the United States and Canada \(which had themselves)Tj 0.0006 Tc -0.0007 Tw T*(established a bilateral free trade area the previous year\). These were \ political)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0623 Tw T*(gestures more than concrete proposals, intended to reinforce the overall\ )Tj -0.0041 Tw T*(transatlantic partnership in the face of the disappearance of the common\ )Tj 0.0844 Tw T*(adversary \320 though in both cases they left the door open to future co\ n-)Tj 0.0007 Tc -0.00079 Tw T*(sideration of more institutionalized commercial relations. In the meanti\ me,)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.07809 Tw T*(reconciliation of their distinct positions in the ongoing Uruguay Round)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(negotiations was enough to \336ll the commercial diplomatic agenda.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0647 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Meanwhile, European commercial ties to Mexico had stagnated in the)Tj 0.0036 Tc -0.00369 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (wake of the debt crisis, and little change outside the framework of mult\ ilat-)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(eral talks seemed in the of\336ng.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1306 Tw 2.5555 TL T*(A summary of the relevant characteristics of each of these EU-centered)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(interregional regimes appears in Table 1.4.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 127.181 175.8863 Tm [(6)-1197.3(Conclusion)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.09061 Tw 9 0 0 9 127.181 155.3862 Tm (Having achieved a truly uni\336ed internal market and launched its singl\ e)Tj -0.0119 Tw T*(currency, the European Union must be viewed as a strong, coherent actor)Tj 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 127.181 663.1211 Tm (26)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2.026 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R42 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:41 PM Page 26)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 239 0 obj 6208 endobj 240 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 241 0 obj << /Length 242 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R38 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.0146 Tc -0.01469 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 126.1811 376.0529 Tm (whose strategies are of central importance to international economic rel\ a-)Tj 0.0009 Tc -0.00101 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(tions more generally. By exploring the EU\325s apparently growing appeti\ te for)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0054 Tw T*(interregionalism we seek to get at the core political and economic facto\ rs)Tj 0.0118 Tc -0.0119 Tw T*(that will shape the evolving international economic system in the coming\ )Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.11909 Tw T*(years. Power, interests, institutions, and ideas all matter a great deal\ in)Tj 0.0385 Tw T*(shaping EU trade policy. A similar but not identical set of factors amon\ g)Tj 0.1319 Tw T*(the counterpart region combines with these received EU preferences to)Tj 0.00369 Tc -0.0038 Tw T*(create some sort of regime outcome. Our questions are: what matters most\ ?)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0498 Tw T*(What constellations of factors are associated with which outcomes? And)Tj 0.2718 Tw T*(what does the answer to these questions tell us about the future of )Tj 0.06441 Tw T*(interregionalism? As our authors demonstrate in the following chapters,)Tj 0.16789 Tw T*(the answers to the \336rst two questions vary from case to case. We will\ )Tj 0.10851 Tw T*(address the latter, informed by the contributions of the authors, in the\ )Tj 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw T*(conclusion.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.00591 Tw 10 0 0 10 126.1811 199.0529 Tm (Appendix: EU trade policymaking processes)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.0107 Tc -0.0108 Tw 9 0 0 9 126.1811 178.5529 Tm (What follows is a brief discussion of the key political and institutiona\ l fea-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.05119 Tw T*(tures of the EU trade policymaking and negotiating process, intended to)Tj 0.0051 Tc -0.0052 Tw T*(identify the basic structure of actors, rules, and procedures that shape\ trade)Tj 0.005 Tc T*(policy outcomes. The actual politics and processes are much more complex\ )Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 278.7602 663.1211 Tm (Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. Fogarty)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 19.5239 0 Td (27)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0.75 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 126.85 630.05 m 444.85 630.05 l S BT /R38 gs /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 126.8478 638.4282 Tm (Table 1.4)Tj /F2 1 Tf 5.3704 0 Td (EU interregional relationships \(initial\))Tj /F3 1 Tf -5.3704 -2.75 Td [(Relationship \(year\))-2869.8(Regime strength)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 22.25 0 Td (Regime nature)Tj /F3 1 Tf 10.9167 0 Td (EU commercial )Tj ET 0.5 w /R14 gs 126.85 600.18 m 444.85 600.18 l S BT /R38 gs 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 392.1811 606.4282 Tm (treatment)Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.00571 Tw -33.1667 -2 Td [(EU\320Eastern Europe)-2188.7(Medium-strong)-3883.2(Comprehensive,)-3205.1(Uniform, )]TJ 0 Tw 1.25 TL T*[(\(1990\))-19216.2(developmental)-3896.2(interregional )]TJ -0.0058 Tw 33.1667 -1.25 Td (+ bilaterals)Tj 4.6059 Tw -33.1667 -1.25 Td [(EU\320Southern Weak)-8533.5(Comprehensive, )1693.4(Nonuniform, )]TJ -0.011 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(Mediterranean \(1995\))Tj 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw 22.25 0 Td [(developmental)-3896.2(bilaterals)]TJ -0.00571 Tw -22.25 -1.25 Td [(EU\320East Asia )-4822.8(Medium-weak)-4493.6(Comprehensive, )-2918.2(Nonuniform,)]TJ 0 Tw T*[(\(1996\))-19216.2(quasi-developmental)-1084.6(interregional )]TJ -0.0058 Tw 33.1667 -1.25 Td (+ bilaterals)Tj 6.90289 Tw -33.1667 -1.25 Td [(EU\320ACP Medium-strong)-3883.2(Comprehensive,)-3205.1(Mostly )]TJ 0 Tw T*[(\(1975\))-19216.2(developmental)-3896.2(uniform, )]TJ 33.1667 -1.25 Td (interregional)Tj -0.00571 Tw -33.1667 -1.25 Td [(EU\320South America )-2026.7(Medium-weak)-4493.6(Medium-narrow, )-2679(Uniform, )]TJ 0 Tw T*[(\(1995\))-19216.2(quasi-developmental)-1084.6(interregional)]TJ -0.0058 Tw 2.5 TL T*[(EU\320North America)-2243.7(US/Canada: medium)-1393.6(US/Canada: narrow,)-1438.9(Nonuniform, )]TJ 1.25 TL T*[(\(1990\))-8049.5(Mexico: weak)-4763.4(nondevelopmental)-1971.2(bilaterals)]TJ 0 Tw 22.25 -1.25 Td (Mexico: )Tj T*(comprehensive,)Tj ET 0.75 w /R14 gs 126.85 403.05 m 444.85 403.05 l S BT /R38 gs 8 0 0 8 304.8478 410.4282 Tm (developmental)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R38 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:42 PM Page 27)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 242 0 obj 6228 endobj 243 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 244 0 obj << /Length 245 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R56 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.006 Tc -0.0061 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 127.181 638.3862 Tm (than what is outlined here; we simply introduce the basic components of \ a)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.12891 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(general policy process and environment that the other authors analyse)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(with an eye to their respective interregional relationships.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 372.4848 618.5363 Tm (36)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.006 Tw 9 0 0 9 127.181 595.3862 Tm (EU trade rules)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.08459 Tw 1.6111 TL T*(The legal authority of EU institutions in trade policy is spelt out \320\ with)Tj 0.12399 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(varying degrees of clarity \320 in the intergovernmental treaties signed\ by)Tj 0.00591 Tc -0.006 Tw T*(member states.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 190.7463 561.0363 Tm (37)Tj -0.006 Tw 9 0 0 9 200.1144 557.8862 Tm (The Treaty of European Community, which was signed in)Tj 0.015 Tc -0.01511 Tw -8.1037 -1.2778 Td (Rome in 1957 and established the European Economic Community, man-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.00439 Tw T*(dated in its Article 133 \(originally Article 113\) the creation of a Co\ mmon)Tj 0.0018 Tc -0.00191 Tw T*(Commercial Policy \(CCP\) to complement a Common External Tariff. In the\ )Tj 0.007 Tc -0.0071 Tw T*(CCP, European countries shifted their authority to negotiate outside agr\ ee-)Tj 0.0107 Tc -0.0108 Tw T*(ments to the European Commission \320 the supranational European bureau-\ )Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1955 Tw T*(cracy \320 and bound themselves to seek changes or exceptions to these)Tj 0.0408 Tw T*(agreements only through EU-wide institutions \(the Commission and the)Tj 0.0052 Tc -0.00529 Tw T*(intergovernmental European Council of Ministers\). Meanwhile, Article 13\ 3)Tj 0.0063 Tc -0.00639 Tw T*(permitted the negotiation of external trade agreements, but mandated tha\ t)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0161 Tw T*(they must be consistent with the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs)Tj 0.0901 Tw T*(\(GATT, now the WTO\) under Article 24. While Article 133 provides the)Tj 0.00951 Tc -0.0096 Tw T*(legal authority for the EU\325s external trade negotiations, the speci\336\ c type of)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.05099 Tw T*(trade agreement envisioned \(i.e., preferential, reciprocal, etc.\) affe\ cts the)Tj 0.16811 Tw T*(treaty provisions invoked. For example, in trade talks with developing)Tj -0.00011 Tc 0 Tw T*(countries, Articles 177 and 181, which deal with development issues, wou\ ld)Tj 0.0159 Tc -0.01601 Tw T*(also be a part of the legal basis of trade negotiations for what would l\ ikely)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.22659 Tw T*(be a preferential agreement. Meanwhile, Article 300 sets the rules on)Tj 0.2795 Tw T*(cooperation and association agreements, and Article 310 permits the)Tj 0.11079 Tw T*(Commission to negotiate reciprocal agreements with other countries or)Tj 0.00349 Tc 0 Tw T*(groups.)Tj 5.85 0 0 5.85 158.2388 331.0363 Tm (38)Tj -0.0036 Tw 9 0 0 9 167.5791 327.8862 Tm (External trade negotiations have a special procedure under Article)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.01669 Tw -4.4887 -1.2778 Td (133 that divides overall policy responsibilities for handling external t\ rade)Tj 0.0106 Tc -0.0107 Tw T*(negotiations between the Commission and the Council, and that relegates)Tj 0.01489 Tc -0.015 Tw T*(the European Parliament \(EP\), the Union\325s legislature, to an adviso\ ry role.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.00211 Tw T*(Essentially, the following process is observed: \336rst, the Commission \ initi-)Tj 0.006 Tc -0.0061 Tw T*(ates internal procedures for exploring an external trade agreement; seco\ nd,)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.09599 Tw T*(the Council \320 more speci\336cally, the Council\325s Committee of Perm\ anent)Tj 0.0078 Tc -0.0079 Tw T*(Representatives \(COREPER\) \320 de\336nes the Commission\325s mandate r\ egarding)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.21091 Tw T*(the possible shape of an agreement; third, the Commission\325s relevant)Tj 0.03391 Tw T*(Directorates-General \(DGs\) take the lead in negotiating an agreement o\ n)Tj 0.1169 Tw T*(behalf of the EU while the Council monitors their progress through its)Tj 0.005 Tc -0.0051 Tw T*(Article 133 Committee;)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 226.0611 204.5363 Tm (39)Tj -0.0051 Tw 9 0 0 9 235.4184 201.3863 Tm (fourth, the Commission concludes an agreement;)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw -12.0264 -1.2778 Td (and \336fth, the Council approves \(or rejects\) the agreement.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.05701 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Until the 1980s, voting in the Council on trade issues took place on a)Tj -0.0141 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (unanimous basis. As such, any member state that for whatever reason did)Tj 0.0869 Tw T*(not like an agreement could veto it and/or force changes. 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Coalitions of EU member states can still put together a blockin\ g)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0527 Tw T*(majority in the Council, but the threshold is now higher and thus more)Tj 0.01759 Tw T*(dif\336cult to achieve.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 210.4993 423.0363 Tm (42)Tj 0.01759 Tw 9 0 0 9 220.3118 419.8862 Tm (As such, the prevailing status of unanimity )Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 21.1656 0 Td (vis-\210-vis)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.1777 Tw -31.6246 -1.2778 Td (QMV shapes trade policy by determining the extent to which interest)Tj 0.0078 Tc -0.0079 Tw T*(groups and member governments have the scope to bend voting outcomes)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.00439 Tw T*(in the Council to their will \320 whether toward free trade or protectio\ nism.)Tj 0.2121 Tw T*(Treaty changes that reduce the capacity of member states \(or interest)Tj 0.19881 Tw T*(groups that capture them\) to block the Commission\325s ability to make)Tj 0.1347 Tw T*(compromises in international trade negotiations will facilitate the EU\325\ s)Tj 0.16251 Tw T*(participation in broad trade negotiations at the global or interregional\ )Tj 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw T*(level.)Tj 0.0007 Tc -0.00079 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (The complexity of these formal rules and procedures, and their accessibi\ l-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0276 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (ity to interested parties of all types, push EU negotiators in several d\ irec-)Tj 0.5166 Tw T*(tions simultaneously. Nugent has noted four ways in which the)Tj 0.00439 Tc -0.0045 Tw T*(institutional architecture of EU trade policy \320 and in particular the\ overlap-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.008 Tw T*(ping mandates of the Commission and the Council \320 muddies the waters)Tj 0.07629 Tw T*(in trade policy. First, there is institutional power jockeying between t\ he)Tj 0.00951 Tc -0.0096 Tw T*(Commission and the Council. Second, the differences in national interest\ s)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.26469 Tw T*(among member states manifest themselves in the often hodge-podge)Tj -0.0054 Tw T*(mandate the Council gives the Commission. Third, the Commission roils)Tj 0.0062 Tc -0.0063 Tw T*(with internal territorial skirmishes among the DGs and the Commissioners\ )Tj 0.00211 Tc -0.0022 Tw T*(seeking to protect and expand their purviews. Fourth, the EP\325s strivi\ ng for a)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0376 Tw T*(greater role in trade policymaking adds an element of uncertainty to the\ )Tj 0.00481 Tc -0.0049 Tw T*(existing interorganizational relationships among EU institutions.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 401.5106 181.5363 Tm (43)Tj 9 0 0 9 410.8653 178.3863 Tm (Paemen)Tj 0.0132 Tc -0.01331 Tw -31.6316 -1.2778 Td (has further lamented what he sees as the three \322fundamental instituti\ onal)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.10451 Tw T*(\337aws\323 that hamper the EU in external trade negotiations: \(1\) the\ \322least)Tj 0.0078 Tw T*(common denominator\323 aspect of EU policy positions \(a result of inter\ nal)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 278.7602 663.1211 Tm (Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. 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Indeed, the relevant a\ ctors)Tj 0.00571 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(and institutions involved often vary by each individual item on the over\ all)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1864 Tw T*(agenda, making it dif\336cult to de\336ne a coherent set of procedures a\ nd)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(processes whereby broad EU trade policy is made.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.0058 Tc -0.00591 Tw 2.2222 TL T*(EU institutions)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.1194 Tw 1.6111 TL T*(There is no shortage of Europe-wide institutions that have some say in)Tj 0.0692 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(trade-related issues. However, as noted above, three are legally endowed\ )Tj 0.2186 Tw T*(with the greatest responsibility for trade policy: the Commission, the)Tj 0.0188 Tw T*(Council, and the European Parliament. While the Commission has tradi-)Tj 0.0092 Tc -0.00929 Tw T*(tionally been the driver of European integration because it retains prim\ acy)Tj 0.01109 Tc -0.0112 Tw T*(in legislative initiative and executive implementation, it has seen its \ polit-)Tj 0.0136 Tc -0.0137 Tw T*(ical in\337uence wane in recent years after the departure of Jacques Del\ ors in)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.14549 Tw T*(1995. The previously impotent Parliament, which in 1999 brought the)Tj -0.0083 Tw T*(Jacques Santer-led Commission to heel for corruption and incompetence,)Tj 0.2327 Tw T*(has bene\336ted somewhat from the Commission\325s malaise. But perhaps )Tj 0.2215 Tw T*(the most important locus of actual decisionmaking power remains in )Tj 0.0143 Tw T*(the Council, which represents the interests of individual countries in t\ he)Tj 0.10381 Tw T*(Union. The relationship among these three institutions is complex: the)Tj 0.05051 Tw T*(Commission retains primary authority for representing the Union in ex-)Tj 0.06509 Tw T*(ternal trade matters, but it must seek a mandate from the Council in its\ )Tj 0.0134 Tc -0.0135 Tw T*(preferred agenda. While the Parliament is relatively less important here\ , it)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.35181 Tw T*(has seen a steady increase in its ability to hold up or even reject)Tj 0.0114 Tc -0.01151 Tw T*(Commission initiatives since the implementation of the Maastricht Treaty\ )Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(beginning in 1992 and the fall of the Santer Commission.)Tj 0.0071 Tc -0.0072 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (EU institutions draw on the treaty base to enhance their own position in\ )Tj 0.0116 Tc -0.0117 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (the trade policymaking process. According to Peterson, \322the speci\336\ c treaty)Tj 0.0051 Tc -0.0052 Tw T*(article under which a proposal is bought forward [e.g., by the Commissio\ n])Tj 0.0018 Tc -0.00191 Tw T*(is a powerful determinant of the resources that different institutional \ actors)Tj 0.01221 Tc -0.0123 Tw T*(wield in policy debates.\323 But because each institution has treaty art\ icles to)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.011 Tw T*(draw upon in pressing its case, the resolution of procedural struggles m\ ay)Tj -0.0029 Tw T*(come down to how the various institutions use these articles, not the ar\ t-)Tj 0.19501 Tw T*(icles themselves.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 201.0415 181.5363 Tm (45)Tj 0.19501 Tw 9 0 0 9 212.4502 178.3863 Tm (Thus while the legal basis of trade policymaking is)Tj 0.01601 Tc -0.0161 Tw -9.4744 -1.2778 Td (central to our understanding of process, EU institutions can try to mani\ p-)Tj 0.005 Tc -0.0051 Tw T*(ulate \322institutional uncertainty\323 to enlarge their own procedural \ in\337uence.)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(Control over process means control over outcomes.)Tj 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 127.181 663.1211 Tm (30)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2.026 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R89 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:42 PM Page 30)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 251 0 obj 6815 endobj 252 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 253 0 obj << /Length 254 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R69 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.03371 Tc -0.006 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 135.1811 638.3862 Tm (Perhaps the key feature of interorganizational politics at the EU level)Tj 0.03011 Tc -0.0136 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (involves the Commission\325s attempt to draw ever more of the trade poli\ -)Tj 0.03371 Tc 0.3869 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(cymaking process within its purview. 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This bureaucratic in\336ghting weakens the overall voi\ ce of)Tj 0.0218 Tc -0.00529 Tw T*(the Commission in shaping \320 and hampers its ability to carry out \320\ trade)Tj 0.0222 Tc 0 Tw T*(policy.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.2509 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (Other EU institutions have also sought to check the Commission\325s)Tj 0.1834 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (control over trade policy and negotiations. According to Meunier, the)Tj 0.0094 Tc -0.00951 Tw T*(Council has managed to hold the Commission at bay in the realm of trade)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1041 Tw T*(policymaking \(unlike in some other areas\). She argues that the Council\ )Tj 0.1001 Tw T*(remains central in this policy domain because of its role in aggregating\ )Tj 0.00819 Tc -0.0083 Tw T*(national preferences, which are relatively strong in an important area s\ uch)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0031 Tw T*(as trade. In this understanding, the Commission is simply the bargaining\ )Tj 0.14481 Tw T*(agent of the Council: \322Unlike in most policy areas falling under Com-\ )Tj 0.0081 Tc -0.00819 Tw T*(munity competence, \311trade policy remains one of the last bastions of \ sole)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0336 Tw T*(Council legislative power. [This will not change] as long as internation\ al)Tj 0.1156 Tw T*(trade negotiations are conducted under\311 Article 133.\323)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 369.9543 273.5363 Tm (48)Tj 0.1156 Tw 9 0 0 9 380.6487 270.3862 Tm (The EP, for its)Tj 0.16879 Tw -28.2742 -1.2778 Td (part, like the Commission has an interest in seeing control over trade)Tj 0.0657 Tw T*(policy processes trickle up to the supranational realm, but would like t\ o)Tj 0.0047 Tc -0.00481 Tw T*(impose greater legislative oversight over the Commission\325s activities\ in this)Tj 0.0015 Tc -0.0016 Tw T*(realm. However, oversight is probably the best the Parliament can hope f\ or,)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0296 Tw T*(as, in the EU as in governments around the world, trade policymaking is)Tj 0.215 Tw T*(typically an executive prerogative. Meanwhile, the European Court of)Tj 0.15179 Tw T*(Justice \(ECJ\), while it has no formal role in trade policymaking, is t\ he)Tj 0.11121 Tw T*(arbiter of disputes among EU institutions over legal authority in policy\ )Tj 0.01089 Tc -0.011 Tw T*(areas. As such, it becomes relevant to trade policy if and when one inst\ itu-)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.008 Tw T*(tion\325s attempt to assert its authority in a policy gray area is chall\ enged by)Tj 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw T*(another.)Tj /F3 1 Tf -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 278.7602 663.1211 Tm (Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. 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Like any other large and)Tj 0.22 Tw T*(diversi\336ed economy, Europe\325s economic sectors vary in their strate\ gic)Tj 0.015 Tw T*(salience, international competitiveness, and level of import competition\ ;)Tj 0.013 Tc -0.01311 Tw T*(and like any other economy, these different sectors have varying amounts\ )Tj 0.0078 Tc -0.0079 Tw T*(of political clout in Brussels as a result of their position along these\ dimen-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0 Tw T*(sions.)Tj 5.85 0 0 5.85 152.0544 558.0363 Tm (49)Tj -0.01579 Tw 9 0 0 9 161.566 554.8862 Tm (Particular sectors are notable for their voice in EU policymaking \320)Tj 0.0088 Tw -3.8206 -1.2778 Td (both in external trade and internal market issues \320 including steel, \ autos,)Tj -0.0033 Tw T*(textiles, \336sheries, energy, and perhaps most prominently, agriculture\ . For)Tj 0.01401 Tc -0.0141 Tw T*(instance, the importance of the steel industry and its sensitivity to im\ port)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0153 Tw T*(pressures after the 1970s has led to the adoption of a range of trade me\ as-)Tj 0.0027 Tc -0.00279 Tw T*(ures to protect this industry from external competition, measures helped\ in)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.005 Tw T*(no small part by the growing participation of steel \336rms in the proce\ ss of)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(developing sectoral policies \(notably in the Commission\).)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 372.1047 477.5363 Tm (50)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.21719 Tw 9 0 0 9 136.181 462.8862 Tm (Many \336rms and other actors within these and other sectors are in-)Tj 0.0036 Tc -0.00369 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (timately involved in EU policymaking through their participation in poli\ cy)Tj 0.0143 Tc -0.0144 Tw T*(networks, which are relatively decentralized and informal relationships \ of)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.00079 Tw T*(varying durability among sectoral representatives, national governments,\ )Tj 0.011 Tc -0.01109 Tw T*(and supranational institutions \(again, especially the Commission\).)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 412.2691 420.0363 Tm (51 )Tj 9 0 0 9 420.7928 416.8862 Tm (These)Tj 0.0072 Tc -0.00729 Tw -32.6235 -1.2778 Td (sectoral actors play a large role in developing policies that link the i\ nternal)Tj 0.0116 Tc -0.0117 Tw T*(and external market aspects of EU economic policy, with internal arrange\ -)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1322 Tw T*(ments \(such as the Common Agricultural Policy, or CAP\) at times pro-)Tj 0.32539 Tw T*(viding strong bases for shaping EU positions on international trade)Tj 0.0797 Tw T*(negotiations. The involvement of interest groups in EU policy processes)Tj 0.1035 Tw T*(suits the Commission quite well: these groups provide the Commission)Tj 0.1026 Tw T*(with resources of expertise in the process of policymaking and political\ )Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(support in policy implementation.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 273.8683 328.0363 Tm (52)Tj 0.00301 Tc -0.0031 Tw 9 0 0 9 136.181 313.3862 Tm (Not all policy networks are equal, however. The ability of various inter\ est)Tj 0.00481 Tc -0.0049 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (groups to participate in EU policy networks depends largely on \322struc\ tural\323)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.05321 Tw T*(factors such as the effect of the sector\325s market dynamics on its pol\ itical)Tj 0.01311 Tc -0.0132 Tw T*(position and the accessibility of the various EU policymaking institutio\ ns.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0029 Tw T*(With respect to market environments, Hanson identi\336es three features \ of)Tj 0.17731 Tw T*(speci\336c markets that potentially explain the varying effects of inter\ est)Tj 0.13541 Tw T*(group activity on EU external trade policy outcomes: sectoral attrition,\ )Tj -0.00681 Tw T*(sectoral internationalization, and societal countermobilization.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 401.7011 236.0363 Tm (53)Tj 9 0 0 9 411.2934 232.8862 Tm (Sectoral)Tj 0.2709 Tw -31.568 -1.2778 Td (attrition denotes that trade liberalization occurs when uncompetitive)Tj 0.0076 Tc -0.00771 Tw T*(industries get so weak that they lose their political in\337uence, as au\ thorities)Tj 0.0072 Tc -0.00729 Tw T*(react to the falling political and/or electoral costs of ignoring failin\ g indus-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.12199 Tw T*(tries\325 demands for protection. Sectoral internationalization, for its\ part,)Tj 0.0027 Tc -0.00279 Tw T*(focuses on the degree of and change in speci\336c sectors\325 relative d\ ependence)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0975 Tw T*(on international markets as a proportion of their revenues, with higher)Tj 0.0074 Tc -0.00751 Tw T*(export dependence being associated with greater political support for tr\ ade)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0 Tw T*(liberalization.)Tj 5.85 0 0 5.85 187.1925 144.0363 Tm (54)Tj 0.1109 Tw 9 0 0 9 197.8444 140.8863 Tm (Societal countermobilization suggests that liberalization)Tj 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 127.181 663.1211 Tm (32)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2.026 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R35 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:42 PM Page 32)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 257 0 obj 7327 endobj 258 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 259 0 obj << /Length 260 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R50 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.01711 Tc 0.0134 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 126.1811 638.3862 Tm (begets liberalization: increasing openness increases the political power\ of)Tj 0.1801 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(groups bene\336ting from liberalization, and increases their incentives \ to)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(mobilize against groups demanding protection.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 326.9508 618.5363 Tm (55)Tj -0.0014 Tc -0.0154 Tw 9 0 0 9 135.1811 603.8862 Tm (The relative penetrability of the relevant EU institutions, for its part\ , helps)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.15739 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (determine which ones interest groups target. The Council is in itself no\ t)Tj 0.1601 Tw T*(directly accessible to interest lobbies. As such, interest groups attemp\ t to)Tj -0.0135 Tc -0.0033 Tw T*(in\337uence the Council through one of three channels: national represen\ tatives)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0518 Tw T*(of COREPER; members of Council working groups in particular issue areas;\ )Tj -0.0145 Tc -0.0023 Tw T*(and national governments \(the main channel\).)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 317.7308 549.5363 Tm (56)Tj -0.0023 Tw 9 0 0 9 326.7105 546.3862 Tm (While national governments)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.01649 Tw -22.281 -1.2778 Td (of course remain a major \320 and often sympathetic \320 target for lobb\ ying, the)Tj 0.09869 Tw T*(advent of quali\336ed majority voting in most EU external trade matters \ has)Tj 0.0976 Tw T*(reduced somewhat the importance of national governments in this arena.)Tj -0.0116 Tc -0.0052 Tw T*(Still, the norm of consensus remains strong in the EU, although this may\ well)Tj -0.011 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(change in the next few years, particularly with EU expansion. )Tj 0.0083 Tc -0.00841 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (The European Parliament, while not a central institution in trade policy\ -)Tj 0.0024 Tc -0.0025 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (making, may become an important lobbying target if it moves to pass legi\ s-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0746 Tw T*(lation to regulate lobbying in general. So, groups that already have wel\ l)Tj 0.1705 Tw T*(established patterns of gaining access and in\337uencing policy may \336\ nd)Tj 0.0242 Tw T*(themselves hamstrung by new lobbying rules \320 unless, that is, if they\ are)Tj 0.00729 Tc -0.0074 Tw T*(able to persuade the EP to protect their position. Groups lacking access\ , for)Tj 0.00841 Tc -0.0085 Tw T*(their part, will of course seek new rules that will level the lobbying p\ laying)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1698 Tw T*(\336eld. However, the Commission remains the most important lobbying)Tj 0.0103 Tc -0.01041 Tw T*(target, given both its accessibility to lobbyists and industry represent\ atives)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0 Tw T*(\(especially )Tj /F3 1 Tf 5.5923 0 Td (vis-\210-vis)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.2643 Tw 4.2945 0 Td (the Council\) and its paramount trade negotiating)Tj 0.196 Tw -9.8868 -1.2778 Td (authority. Interest groups that have access to the Commission can be)Tj 0.0986 Tw T*(involved at all relevant stages of the process of policymaking and trade\ )Tj 0.1752 Tw T*(negotiations. Moreover, as noted above, the Commission is intimately)Tj 0.01199 Tc -0.0121 Tw T*(involved in intra-EU policy networks, interacting with interest groups i\ n a)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.10049 Tw T*(symbiotic relationship based on lobbying and information-sharing. The)Tj 0.078 Tw T*(Commission is thus at the center of the \322intermestic\323 politics of \ EU ex-)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(ternal trade relations.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.02451 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (The resources interest groups bring to the table are of course central t\ o)Tj 0.0247 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (their capacity \320 and strategy \320 to affect trade policy. Greenwood \ suggests)Tj 0.0132 Tc -0.01331 Tw T*(that interest groups can draw on the following \322bargaining chips\323 \ in their)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.15469 Tw T*(attempts to in\337uence policies: \(1\) information and technical expert\ ise; )Tj 0.09509 Tw T*(\(2\) economic muscle; \(3\) industry prestige/status; \(4\) ability to \ help en-)Tj 0.11391 Tw T*(force, or alternatively to challenge, implementation of EC policies; and\ )Tj -0.0153 Tw T*(\(5\) the internal noncompetitiveness of, and coherence of decisionmakin\ g)Tj 0.0161 Tc -0.0162 Tw T*(among, individual groups in an umbrella interest association.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 392.0494 204.5363 Tm (57)Tj -0.0162 Tw 9 0 0 9 401.5364 201.3863 Tm (Given the)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0519 Tw -30.595 -1.2778 Td (complexity and indeterminacy of policymaking authority in the EU, the)Tj -0.0139 Tw T*(most successful lobbying strategies tend to be those that are \322multi-\ level\323)Tj 0.0164 Tc -0.01649 Tw T*(and \322multi-arena\323 \320 i.e., that focus on both national and Europ\ ean levels,)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0369 Tw T*(and on various institutions at those levels.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 312.6837 158.5363 Tm (58)Tj 0.0369 Tw 9 0 0 9 322.6699 155.3862 Tm (This state of affairs tends to)Tj 0.0081 Tc -0.00819 Tw -21.8321 -1.2778 Td (further advantage those interests that already have ample resources, whi\ ch)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 8 0 0 8 278.7602 663.1211 Tm (Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. Fogarty)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 19.5239 0 Td (33)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R50 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:42 PM Page 33)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 260 0 obj 7329 endobj 261 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 262 0 obj << /Length 263 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R52 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.0155 Tc -0.01559 Tw 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 127.181 635.2362 Tm (they can spread effectively across levels and arenas.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 348.6464 638.3862 Tm (59)Tj -0.01559 Tw 9 0 0 9 358.1269 635.2362 Tm (These resources that)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0257 Tw -25.6607 -1.2778 Td (interest groups can draw upon are thus a major determinant of the strat-\ )Tj 0.1002 Tw 1.2778 TL T*(egies they pursue to in\337uence EU trade policy. In the actual content \ of)Tj 0.0806 Tw T*(these strategies, actors typically engage in issue-framing: interest gro\ ups)Tj 0.1673 Tw T*(that are able to convince the Commission that their input is predom-)Tj 0.02431 Tw T*(inantly \322technical\323 \320 i.e., intended to make sectoral governanc\ e more ef-)Tj 0.05611 Tw T*(fective and/or ef\336cient \320 will tend to be more effective in gainin\ g access)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(than those that are overtly \322political\323 in their approach.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 365.5096 557.8862 Tm (60)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.037 Tw 9 0 0 9 136.181 543.2362 Tm (More generally, groups seek to get themselves \322insider status\323 \320\ i.e., to)Tj 0.00101 Tc -0.0011 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (become part of the governance structure of trade policy.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 363.1161 534.8862 Tm (61)Tj -0.0011 Tw 9 0 0 9 372.4267 531.7362 Tm (Interests that can)Tj 0.013 Tc -0.01311 Tw -27.2495 -1.2778 Td (make themselves \322indispensable\323 to the functioning of a policy net\ work \320)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0386 Tw T*(i.e., that can plausibly claim to provide a \322service\323 that is in t\ he broader)Tj 0.1107 Tw T*(public interest \320 will be able to sustain their in\337uence over time\ .)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 418.3479 500.3862 Tm (62)Tj 9 0 0 9 428.9983 497.2362 Tm (The)Tj 0.14799 Tw -33.5353 -1.2778 Td (establishment of stable policy networks \320 which include, in part, wel\ l-)Tj 0.1207 Tw T*(entrenched patterns of lobbying \320 tends to lead to vested interests a\ nd)Tj 0.0098 Tc -0.00999 Tw T*(policy inertia.)Tj 0 Tw 5.85 0 0 5.85 186.6533 465.8862 Tm (63 )Tj -0.0099 Tw 9 0 0 9 195.1633 462.7362 Tm (Of course, this is familiar: interests that have been success-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1636 Tw -7.5536 -1.2778 Td (ful in capturing the state will do whatever they can to maintain their)Tj 0.008 Tc -0.0081 Tw T*(in\337uence and the favorable policies that their in\337uence has brough\ t them,)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(regardless of the optimality of those policies for Europe as a whole.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.02991 Tw 1 -1.2778 Td (The EU as a whole must balance the needs of these networks and their)Tj 0.10201 Tw -1 -1.2778 Td (particular intra-European arrangements \320 which represent an important\ )Tj 0.0069 Tc -0.007 Tw T*(facet of European integration \320 with the political demands of interna\ tional)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0153 Tw T*(trade politics. While the EU is a coherent and powerful actor in trade p\ ol-)Tj 0.0118 Tc -0.0119 Tw T*(itics, it faces a litany of trade partners and rivals that seek to gain \ access to)Tj 0.00349 Tc -0.0036 Tw T*(the European market, access that is complicated or even denied by the EU\ \325s)Tj 0.0127 Tc -0.0128 Tw T*(internal market arrangements. Particularly intense of late have been int\ er-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.2536 Tw T*(actions with the United States, which not only seeks to break down)Tj 0.00929 Tw T*(Europe\325s trade barriers but also competes with Europeans for in\337ue\ nce in)Tj 0.0079 Tc -0.008 Tw T*(and access to emerging markets in East Asia, Latin America, and elsewher\ e.)Tj 0.0144 Tc -0.0145 Tw T*(It is this tension between internal market arrangements \320 which repre\ sent)Tj 0.0022 Tc -0.0023 Tw T*(the workings of networks of European interests and institutions, and whi\ ch)Tj 0.0076 Tc -0.00771 Tw T*(enhance European economic and political integration \320 and the exigenc\ ies)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.14799 Tw T*(of external trade politics that represent perhaps the major axis around)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(which European external trade policy revolves.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 3.8111 TL T*(Notes)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.00391 Tc -0.004 Tw 8 0 0 8 131.8187 208.4363 Tm [(1.)-549.8(For the sake of convenience, we use the name \322European Union\323 when\ referring)]TJ 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 1.4203 -1.25 Td (to this European grouping throughout its post-1958 history. )Tj -0.0145 Tc -0.0023 Tw -1.4369 -1.25 Td [(2.)-601.5(Grossman and Helpman 1996 have suggested that there )]TJ /F3 1 Tf -0.0146 Tc 0 Tw 27.0382 0 Td (is )Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.0022 Tw 0.9442 0 Td (an inherent market logic)Tj -0.0126 Tc -0.0042 Tw -26.5454 -1.25 Td (to region-to-region trade agreements: they help overcome free-riding amo\ ng indus-)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.1131 Tw 1.25 TL T*(tries that passively support free-trade policies. We begin from the prem\ ise that)Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.017 Tw T*(while such a market logic may exist, interregional agreements are often \ driven by)Tj -0.011 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(political and security interests rather than pure market motivations.)Tj 0.0056 Tc -1.4203 -1.25 Td [(3.)-548.1(This table was originally developed in Aggarwal 2001.)]TJ 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw -0.5797 65.5856 Td (34)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2.026 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R52 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:42 PM Page 34)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 263 0 obj 7442 endobj 264 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 265 0 obj << /Length 266 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R59 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 0 Tr 8 0 0 8 130.8188 639.1212 Tm [(4.)-548.1(For a good discussion of bilateral agreements, see Snyder 1940.)]TJ 1.25 TL T*[(5.)-548.1(Snyder 1940.)]TJ 0.0146 Tc -0.01469 Tw T*[(6)9(.)-539.1(This article permits the creation of free trade agreements and customs u\ nions \320)]TJ 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 1.4203 -1.25 Td (but only a )Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 5.0984 0 Td (broad)Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.00571 Tw 2.7748 0 Td (product basis rather than only in a few sectors.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.2327 Tw -9.2935 -1.25 Td [(7)11.5(.)-536.6(For a discussion and critique of these agreements, see Aggarwal 2001 and\ )]TJ 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 1.4203 -1.25 Td (Aggarwal and Ravenhill 2001.)Tj -1.4203 -1.25 Td [(8.)-548.1(See Yarbrough and Yarbrough 1987 for a discussion of minilateralism.)]TJ 0.01711 Tc 0.1604 Tw T*[(9)11.5(.)-536.6(On regime characteristics, see Aggarwal 1985, Krasner 1977, 1983, Keohan\ e)]TJ 0.0106 Tc -0.0107 Tw 1.4203 -1.25 Td (1984, and Aggarwal 1998. For a review of the literature on regimes, see \ Haggard)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(and Simmons 1987.)Tj 0.0076 Tc -0.00771 Tw -2 -1.25 Td [(10.)-546.1(On compliance with international regimes, see Simmons and Oudraat 2001 a\ nd)]TJ 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (the extensive cites therein.)Tj 0.00439 Tc -0.0045 Tw -2 -1.25 Td [(11.)-549.3(For a theoretical discussion of domestic and international links affecti\ ng the EU,)]TJ 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (see Verdier and Breen 2001.)Tj 0.00169 Tc -0.0018 Tw -2 -1.25 Td [(12.)-552(This hypothesis is related to the idea of policy networks: given that th\ e networks)]TJ 0.01711 Tc 0.12241 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (tend to be sectoral in scope, an analysis of the strength and stability \ of the)Tj 0.0144 Tc -0.0145 Tw T*(networks \(if they exist\) in any one sector is the key determinant of t\ he propen-)Tj 0.00191 Tc -0.002 Tw T*(sity of trade policy in that sector to change or remain stable. However,\ the litera-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1082 Tw T*(ture on EU policy networks is typically more interested in examining pol\ icy)Tj 0.004 Tc -0.0041 Tw T*(processes than it is in articulating explanatory or predictive framework\ s. As such)Tj 0.01241 Tc -0.0125 Tw T*(we do not develop a speci\336c policy networks hypothesis here, but rath\ er accept)Tj 0 Tc -0.00011 Tw T*(the networks idea as one way to describe the nature of interaction betwe\ en inter-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0954 Tw T*(est groups and governing institutions. Our explanatory hypothesis regard\ ing)Tj -0.0172 Tw T*(interest intermediation corresponds to what factors cause these networks\ to be)Tj 0.0433 Tw T*(stable or unstable, and thus to lead to stasis or change in EU trade pol\ icies in)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(given sectors.)Tj 0.0092 Tc -0.00929 Tw -2 -1.25 Td [(13.)-544.5(See Rogowski 1989, Frieden 1991, Frieden and Rogowski 1996, and Hiscox 2\ 001)]TJ 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (for discussions of when economic actors split along sectoral and factora\ l lines.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.04089 Tw -2 -1.25 Td [(1)11.5(4)11.5(.)-536.6(The key difference between this aspect of the bureaucratic politics hypo\ thesis)]TJ 0.2132 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (and the interest intermediation hypothesis is the question of who co-opt\ s)Tj 0.015 Tw T*(whom. In the former, the institution co-opts the interest groups; in the\ latter,)Tj 0.0407 Tw T*(the interest groups co-opt the institution. The differences in trade pol\ icy out-)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(comes predicted in each case, however, may be only moderate.)Tj 0.01711 Tc -0.0117 Tw -2 -1.25 Td [(1)11.5(5)11.5(.)-536.6(It is worth noting that the EU as a whole, as well as its constituent in\ stitutions)]TJ 0.08411 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (and national governments, retain an of\336cial preference for multilater\ al trade)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(negotiations under the auspices of the GATT/WTO.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.11591 Tw -2 -1.25 Td [(1)11.5(6)11.5(.)-536.6(To some extent the advance of quali\336ed majority voting \(QMV\) has al\ ready)]TJ 0.0078 Tc -0.0079 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (decreased the role of the Council in trade policymaking by decreasing th\ e scope)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1149 Tw T*(for political \322blackmail\323 by dissenting members in the Council. As\ such the)Tj 0.0146 Tc -0.01469 Tw T*(political battles fought among interest groups and national delegations \ may be)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(fought more within the Commission than within the Council.)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.01089 Tw -2 -1.25 Td [(1)11.4(7)11.4(.)-586.6(From a more sociological institutionalist perspective, it is also possib\ le to suggest)]TJ -0.0036 Tc -0.0132 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (that the organizational identities of these two institutions affect thei\ r views of the)Tj -0.01019 Tc -0.00661 Tw T*(value of different types of commercial policy. Speci\336cally, the Commi\ ssion is often)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0847 Tw T*(seen as bureaucracy whose core identity \320 and thus the policies it pr\ oposes \320 is)Tj -0.0094 Tc -0.0074 Tw T*(strongly in\337uenced by technocracy, universalism, and neoliberalism. A\ s suggested,)Tj -0.0078 Tc -0.009 Tw T*(it is not clear that the Council has an institutional identity that may \ have as direct)Tj -0.0042 Tc -0.0126 Tw T*(an effect on the policies it favors. While this institutional-identity a\ pproach is not)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0255 Tw T*(at the heart of our bureaucratic politics hypothesis, we consider it to \ be a poten-)Tj 0.1133 Tw T*(tially important intervening factor. For more on this approach, see Powe\ ll and)Tj -0.011 Tc -0.0058 Tw T*(DiMaggio 1991; March and Olsen 1998; and Barnett and Finnemore 1999.)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc 17.0724 65.5 Td (Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. Fogarty)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw 19.5239 0 Td (35)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R59 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:42 PM Page 35)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 266 0 obj 7961 endobj 267 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 268 0 obj << /Length 269 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R88 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.009 Tc -0.00909 Tw 0 Tr 8 0 0 8 127.181 639.1212 Tm [(18.)-544.7(This hypothesis differs in its predictions from those put forth in the e\ arly 1990s)]TJ 0.00571 Tc -0.0058 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (that identi\336ed the specter of a regionalized system featuring both ec\ onomic and)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1241 Tw 1.25 TL T*(political competition among distinct regions \(see Weber and Zysman 1992\ \).)Tj 0.0141 Tc -0.01421 Tw T*(Whereas this earlier view focused on strategic trade and industrial poli\ cies, this)Tj 0.0096 Tc -0.0097 Tw T*(new \322realist\323 hypothesis argues that trade can be both mostly free\ )Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tw 31.5444 0 Td (and)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.9647 0 Td (strategic.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.05569 Tw -33.509 -1.25 Td (In this view, the EU will thus pursue interregionalism if it is deemed a\ useful)Tj 0.0119 Tw T*(strategy for increasing European in\337uence and economic security, part\ icularly)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw T*(vis-\210-vis)Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.00571 Tw 3.9095 0 Td (the United States.)Tj -5.9096 -1.25 Td [(19.)-548.1(Bhagwati and Arvind 1996, quoted in Sapir 1998: 729.)]TJ 0.0002 Tc -0.00031 Tw T*[(2)-5.4(0)-5.4(.)-553.5(This depiction of the international system is not intended to capture th\ e security)]TJ 0.01711 Tc 0.05321 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (issues driving the international \322war against terrorism.\323 By this \ time it seems)Tj 0.00591 Tw T*(clear that U.S. and EU leaders have abandoned the idea of using trade po\ licy \320)Tj 0.00999 Tc -0.0101 Tw T*(particularly in the Doha Round of WTO negotiations \320 to ameliorate th\ e poten-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.11839 Tw T*(tial economic causes of terrorism in poor countries. Rather, if anything\ , the)Tj 0.02789 Tw T*(transatlantic rift over the 2003 war in Iraq seems likely to reinforce E\ U incen-)Tj 0.0117 Tc -0.0118 Tw T*(tives to pursue international commercial arrangements that exclude the U\ nited)Tj 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw T*(States.)Tj -0.00571 Tw -2 -1.25 Td [(21.)-548.1(See Ohmae 1995.)]TJ 0.01711 Tc 0.0108 Tw T*[(2)11.5(2)11.5(.)-536.6(According to Telo, \322Region building is seen by many actors as a willi\ ngness to)]TJ 0.02431 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (react to uncertainties and to compete better with other regions and econ\ omic)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(powers.\323 Telo 2001: 6.)Tj -2 -1.25 Td [(23.)-548.1(Sapir 1998: 730.)]TJ 0.01711 Tc 0.0648 Tw T*[(2)11.5(4)11.5(.)-536.6(See Aggarwal \(1985\) on nested arrangements in textile trade and \(1998\ \) for a)]TJ 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (more general discussion of nested institutions in other contexts. )Tj -2 -1.25 Td [(25.)-548.1(Baker 1995.)]TJ T*[(26.)-548.1(See Cadot and Webber 2002, as well as Ravenhill\325s chapter in this vol\ ume.)]TJ 0.01711 Tc 0.18449 Tw T*[(2)11.5(7)11.5(.)-536.6(We label this hypothesis \322constructivist\323 even though it imputes p\ rimarily)]TJ 0.01559 Tc -0.0157 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (instrumental goals to European policymakers. However, it involves the me\ cha-)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0981 Tw T*(nisms of identity formation and the ways in which trade as a form of soc\ ial)Tj 0.1394 Tw T*(interaction affects these identities, themes often found in the construc\ tivist)Tj 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw T*(literature.)Tj 0.0036 Tc -0.00369 Tw -2 -1.25 Td [(28.)-550.1(Deutsch 1957, 1966. Others, notably Nicola\225dis and Howse \(2002\), ar\ gue that an)]TJ 0.01711 Tc -0.01711 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (EU identity ought not be though of in terms of a \322self\323 and \322ot\ her,\323 but rather)Tj 0.01131 Tc -0.0114 Tw T*(that there be an understanding and tolerance of diversity in identi\336c\ ation both)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(within Europe and between Europeans and non-Europeans.)Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0006 Tw -2 -1.25 Td [(2)-5.1(9)-5.1(.)-553.2(Manners 2000. Other authors have sought to understand this international\ iden-)]TJ 0.01711 Tc 0.04581 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (tity in other policy arenas \320 security policy \(W\276ver 2000\), Midd\ le East policy)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(\(Soetendorp 1999\), and competition policy \(Damro 2001\).)Tj -2 -1.25 Td [(30.)-548.1(See Prodi 2000; Kagan 2002.)]TJ 0.01711 Tc 0.0873 Tw T*[(3)11.5(1)11.5(.)-536.6(In APEC, membership is not based on regional groupings but on economies,\ )]TJ 0.1205 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (since Hong Kong and Taiwan hold independent membership. On APEC, see)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(Aggarwal and Morrison 1998 and Ravenhill 2002.)Tj -2 -1.25 Td [(32.)-548.1(Manners 2001: 18. See also Lamy 2002; Nicola\225dis and Howse 2002.)]TJ T*[(33.)-548.1(On institutional mimesis, see Powell and DiMaggio 1983.)]TJ 0.011 Tc -0.0054 Tw T*[(34.)-531.2(However, given the EU\325s likely dominant relational power within speci\ \336c inter-)]TJ 0.0228 Tc 0.2231 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (regional relationships, the EU could conceivably insist on labor, enviro\ n-)Tj 0.00729 Tc -0.00169 Tw T*(mental, or other potentially contentious provisions if it considered it \ important)Tj 0.01131 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(to do so.)Tj 0.0163 Tc -0.0164 Tw -2 -1.25 Td [(3)10.7(5)10.7(.)-537.4(The United States has used bilateral agreements for such a purpose, as w\ ith the)]TJ 0.0069 Tc -0.007 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (introduction of service sector issues in the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agre\ ement in)Tj -0.0069 Tw T*(1988 as a prelude to pressing for agreement in the sector in the Uruguay\ Round.)Tj 0.00571 Tc 0 Tw -2 65.5 Td (36)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2.026 0 Td (EU Trade Strategies)Tj ET 1 g /R14 gs 91 727 220 -12 re f* BT 0 g /R88 gs /F-1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 93 717 Tm (03EUTS-CH01\(1-40\) 19/12/03 4:42 PM Page 36)Tj ET 1 G 0.5 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d /R14 gs 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 0 G 0.25 w 90 726 m 90 702 l 60 696 m 84 696 l 481 726 m 481 702 l 511 696 m 487 696 l 90 54 m 90 78 l 60 84 m 84 84 l 481 54 m 481 78 l 511 84 m 487 84 l S 1 G 0.5 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S 0 G 0.25 w 261.5 714 m 309.5 714 l 261.5 66 m 309.5 66 l 72 414 m 72 366 l 499 414 m 499 366 l 285.5 726 m 285.5 702 l 285.5 78 m 285.5 54 l 60 390 m 84 390 l 487 390 m 511 390 l 285.5 714 m 291.5 714 l 291.5 710.688 288.812 708 285.5 708 c 282.188 708 279.5 710.688 279.5 714 c 279.5 717.312 282.188 720 285.5 720 c 288.812 720 291.5 717.312 291.5 714 c 285.5 66 m 291.5 66 l 291.5 62.688 288.812 60 285.5 60 c 282.188 60 279.5 62.688 279.5 66 c 279.5 69.312 282.188 72 285.5 72 c 288.812 72 291.5 69.312 291.5 66 c 72 390 m 78 390 l 78 386.688 75.312 384 72 384 c 68.688 384 66 386.688 66 390 c 66 393.312 68.688 396 72 396 c 75.312 396 78 393.312 78 390 c 499 390 m 505 390 l 505 386.688 502.312 384 499 384 c 495.688 384 493 386.688 493 390 c 493 393.312 495.688 396 499 396 c 502.312 396 505 393.312 505 390 c S endstream endobj 269 0 obj 7631 endobj 270 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /op true /OPM 1 >> endobj 271 0 obj << /Length 272 0 R >> stream 1 g 1 i /RelativeColorimetric ri /R14 gs 54 726 m 54 726 l f BT 0 0 0 1 k /R64 gs /F2 1 Tf 0.0004 Tc -0.0005 Tw 0 Tr 8 0 0 8 142.1811 639.1212 Tm (More recently, it has included labor and environmental provisions in its\ bilateral)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0793 Tw 1.25 TL T*(agreements, again as a device to possibly in\337uence the course of mult\ ilateral)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw T*(negotiations in the WTO Doha Round.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.05299 Tw -2 -1.25 Td [(3)11.5(6)11.5(.)-536.6(For a more comprehensive treatment of EU trade policymaking processes, s\ ee)]TJ 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (Nugent 1999 and Cram et al. 1999. )Tj 0.0097 Tc -0.0098 Tw -2 -1.25 Td [(37.)-544(Please note that this section was written before the completion of the E\ uropean)]TJ 0.01711 Tc 0.2085 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (constitution in 2003\32004, and thus does not include any alterations in\ the)Tj 0.1667 Tw T*(existing legal structure of trade policy that may have been included in \ the)Tj 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw T*(constitution.)Tj -0.00571 Tw -2 -1.25 Td [(38.)-548.1(Nugent 1999: 441.)]TJ 0.00191 Tc -0.002 Tw T*[(39.)-551.8(Different DGs within the Commission have authority for different regions\ of the)]TJ 0.01711 Tc 0.29359 Tw 2 -1.25 Td (world. 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New York: St. Martin\325s Press.)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.1584 Tw -15.3977 -1.25 Td (Aggarwal, Vinod K. and John Ravenhill \(2001\). \322How open sectoral ag\ reements)Tj 0.0056 Tc -0.00571 Tw 1 -1.25 Td (undermine the WTO.\323 )Tj /F3 1 Tf 10.91 0 Td (Asia-Paci\336c Issues)Tj /F2 1 Tf 8.3104 0 Td (50 \(February\).)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0428 Tw -20.2205 -1.25 Td (Aggarwal, Vinod K. and Cedric Dupont \(2002\). \322A Leader in Instituti\ onal Design?)Tj 0.30299 Tw 1 -1.25 Td (Europe and the Governance of Trade and Monetary Relations.\323 )Tj /F3 1 Tf 33.4352 0 Td (Europe and)Tj 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw -33.4352 -1.25 Td (Globalization)Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.00571 Tw 5.9899 0 Td (. New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 117. )Tj 0.0139 Tc -0.01401 Tw -6.9899 -1.25 Td (Baker, James A. \(1995\). \322Con\337ict and cooperation in the post-col\ d war era.\323 Speech)Tj 0.01711 Tc 0.0948 Tw 1 -1.25 Td (delivered at the First Annual Conference of the James A. 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